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Deep, dreamless sleep is considered the only “normal” state under which consciousness lost. The main reason for voluntary, external induction of an unconscious state, via general anesthesia, to silence brain circuitry nociception. In this article, I describe perception pain as a neural and behavioral correlate consciousness. briefly mention areas parameters that are connected presence conscious...

One of the most fundamental problems in causal inference is the estimation of a causal effect when treatment and outcome are confounded. This is difficult in an observational study, because one has no direct evidence that all confounders have been adjusted for. We introduce a novel approach for estimating causal effects that exploits observational conditional independencies to suggest “weak” pa...

INTRODUCTION The discovery and development of new treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires a profound mechanistic understanding of the disease. Here, we propose a model-driven approach supporting the systematic identification of putative disease mechanisms. METHODS We have created a model for AD and a corresponding model for the normal physiology of neurons using biological expression...

Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an emerging technique which combines functional information provided by fluorescence microscopy (FM) with the high-resolution structural information of electron microscopy (EM). So far, correlative cryo microscopy of frozen-hydrated samples has not reached better than micrometre range accuracy. Here, a method is presented that enables the corr...

Previous findings showed that high levels of octopamine and serotonin in the antennal lobes of adult worker honey bees are associated with foraging behavior, and octopamine treatment induces precocious foraging. To better characterize the relationship between amines and foraging behavior in honey bees, we performed a detailed correlative analysis of amine levels in the antennal lobes as a funct...