Supernova remnants have long been regarded as sources of the Galactic cosmic rays up to petaelectronvolts, but convincing evidence is still lack. Considering the ee pair production via interactions between high energy cosmic rays and background photons in an environment like the young supernova remnant, we explore the common origin of the subtle features of the cosmic rays spectra, such as the ...

We address some current theoretical issues around ultra-high energy cosmic rays. We recall that scenarios producing more γ−rays than cosmic rays up to high redshift can in general only provide a sub-dominant contribution to the ultra-high energy cosmic ray flux. This includes extra-galactic top-down and the Z-burst scenarios. Finally we discuss the influence of large scale cosmic magnetic field...

Cosmic rays have been observed up to energies 10 times larger than those of the best particle accelerators. Studies of astrophysical particles (hadrons, neutrinos and photons) at their highest observed energies have implications for fundamental physics as well as astrophysics. Thus, the cosmic high energy frontier is the nexus to new particle physics. This overview discusses recent advances bei...

The rare isotope Li is made only by cosmic rays, dominantly in αα → Li fusion reactions with ISM helium. Consequently, this nuclide provides a unique diagnostic of the history of cosmic rays in our Galaxy. The same hadronic cosmic-ray interactions also produce high-energy γ rays (mostly via pp → π → γγ). Thus, hadronic γ-rays and Li are intimately linked. Specifically, Li directly encodes the l...

Recently different experiments mention to have observed a large scale cosmic-ray anisotropy at TeV energies, e.g. Milagro, Tibet and SuperKamiokande. For these energies the cosmic-rays are expected to be nearly isotropic. Any measurements of cosmic-rays anisotropy could bring some information about propagation and origin of cosmic-rays. Though the primary aim of the ANTARES neutrino telescope i...

We introduce neutrino astronomy starting from the observational fact that Nature accelerates protons and photons to energies in excess of 10 and 10 eV, respectively. Although the discovery of cosmic rays dates back a century, we do not know how and where they are accelerated. We review the observations as well as speculations about the sources. Among these gamma ray bursts and active galaxies r...

We introduce neutrino astronomy from the observational fact that Nature accelerates protons and photons to energies in excess of 10 and 10 eV, respectively. Although the discovery of cosmic rays dates back close to a century, we do not know how and where they are accelerated. We review the facts as well as the speculations about the sources. Among these gamma ray bursts and active galaxies repr...

An atternpt is made to diraw a systematic view on the origin of cosmic rays. On the basis of the composition of primary cosmic rays and the galactic radio emission. arguments are presented that the galactic cosmic rays are stored in the galactic halo of spherical shape for the mean lifetime of about 10S years. The local sources of cosmic rays consist ef the following two kinds; one is supernova...

Interactions of grazing incidence, ultra high energy cosmic rays with the earth's atmosphere may provide a new method of studying energetic cosmic rays with gammaray satellites. It is found that these cosmic ray interactions may produce gamma-rays on millisecond time scales which may be detectable by satellites. An extremely low gamma-ray background for transient gamma-ray events and a large ar...