the conventional method towards deriving schedule for a fleet of ships to minimize cost alone has the short-coming of not addressing the problem of operation revenue losses associated with delays during maintenance at ships dockyards. in this paper, a preventive maintenance schedule for a fleet of ships that incorporates op-portunity cost is presented. the idea is to assign a penalty cost to al...

background the inclusion of cost-effectiveness data, as a basis for priority setting rankings, is a distinguishing feature in the formulation of the swedish national guidelines. guidelines are generated with the direct intent to influence health policy and support decisions about the efficient allocation of scarce healthcare resources. certain medical conditions may be given higher priority ran...

BACKGROUND The detrimental impact of smoking on health has been widely documented since the 1960s. Numerous studies have also quantified the economic cost that smoking imposes on society. However, these studies have mostly been in high income countries, with limited documentation from developing countries. The aim of this paper is to measure the economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases in...

one of the basic assumptions of management accounting illustrate that costschanges has a significance relationship with increasing and decreasing in the levelof activity, recently after being raised of sticky costs issue by anderson and hiscolleagues this assumption was discussed. it means increases in costs by increasingthe more activity level of reduction in costs is exchange for the reductio...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Oral diseases are very important because they impose economic and social burden on societies. Given the resource scarcity, it is necessary to devise cost-effective and scientific strategies to prevent and control oral diseases. This study aimed to estimate the potential cost-savings for dental caries treatment associated with Community Water Fluoridation Program (CWFP) in Ke...

Key points Many gastrointestinal diseases are symptomdriven, so the patient’s perspective is particularly important in this area. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) provide essential information that objective measures and clinician assessment may fail to capture. PROs can be measured in a scientific, reliable, and valid manner. Generic, disease-specific and treatmentspecific PRO instruments exis...

with the implementation of the affordable care act (aca), access to insurance and coverage of preventive care services has been expanded. by removing the barrier of shared costs for preventive care, it is expected that an increase in utilization of preventive care services will reduce the cost of chronic diseases. early detection and treatment is anticipated to be less costly than treatment at ...