In this paper, relationships between wave characteristics and upcrossing-and oscillation-intensities are used to construct conservative bounds for signiicant wave heights and amplitudes and for moments of waves crests and troughs. A concept of oscillation ltering is introduced for removing small waves. Results are illustrated by ve examples in which both Gaussian and non-Gaussian models for a s...

Since several years, adult/perinatal mesenchymal and neural crest stem cells have been widely used to help experimental animal to recover from spinal cord injury. More interestingly, recent clinical trials confirmed the beneficial effect of those stem cells, which improve functional score of patients suffering from such lesions. However, a complete understanding of the mechanisms of stem cell-i...

Among the families of transcription factors expressed at the neural plate border, Sox proteins have been shown to regulate multiple aspects of neural crest development. Sox8, Sox9 and Sox10, exhibit overlapping expression domains in neural crest progenitors, and studies in mouse suggest that Sox8 functions redundantly with Sox9 and Sox10 during neural crest development. Here, we show that in Xe...

Migration of neural crest cells is an elaborate process that requires the delamination of cells from an epithelium and cell movement into an extracellular matrix. In this work, it is shown for the first time that the non-canonical Wnt signalling [planar cell polarity (PCP) or Wnt-Ca2+] pathway controls migration of neural crest cells. By using specific Dsh mutants, we show that the canonical Wn...

The Patch (Ph) mutation in mice is a deletion of the gene encoding the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha subunit (PDGFR alpha). Patch is a recessive lethal recognized in heterozygotes by its effect on the pattern of neural crest-derived pigment cells, and in homozygous mutant embryos by visible defects in craniofacial structures. Since both pigment cells and craniofacial structures ...

Maxillary labial and buccal frena are considered as normal anatomic structures in the oral cavity. However, they may exist intraorally as a thick broad fibrous attachment and/or become located near the crest of the residual ridge, thus interfering with proper denture border extension resulting in inferior denture stability, retention and overall patient satisfaction. This case report highlights...

Neural crest patterning constitutes an important element in the control of the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Krox20, a transcription factor gene that plays a critical role in the development of the segmented hindbrain, is expressed in rhombomeres (r) 3 and 5 and in a stream of neural crest cells migrating from r5 toward the third branchial arch. We have investigated the basis of the...

The neural crest is a population of multipotent cells that migrates extensively throughout vertebrate embryos to form diverse structures. Mice mutant for the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3b exhibit defects in two neural crest derivatives, the craniofacial skeleton and cardiac ventricular septum, suggesting that DNMT3b activity is necessary for neural crest development. Nevertheless, the re...

A physical model of gabion overflow dams was studied to determine the velocity profile and Reynolds shear stress. Physical tests were done under two different conditions of dam crest, overflow dams with impermeable and with permeable crests. Instantaneous velocity components over dam crest were measured by an ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter) instrument. This instrument is capable of measuring...

During early vertebrate development, neural crest cells emerge from the dorsal neural tube, migrate into the periphery, and form a wide range of derivatives. There is, however, a significant difference between the cranial and trunk neural crest with respect to the diversity of cell types that each normally produces. Thus, while crest cells from all axial levels form neurons, glia, and melanocyt...