in islamic penal law, most of the crimes against national and social security are gathered under the title muḥāriba (waging war); whereas, in jurisprudence, there is disagreement about the nature and criteria of muḥāriba and the concept of arms in muḥāriba. however, by research and delving into evidences derived from jurisprudential texts, a true definition of this category can be achieved, acc...

The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act (2000) (hereafter the Clery Act, the Act, or Clery) has sparked a number of questions regarding crime and safety on college and univeristy campuses. Although these questions range from asking about the usage of Clery Act crime statistics to the Act’s effects on campus security policies, the longstanding questi...

Background: In specific criminal law, security crimes are of special importance for the whole society and the country due to their harmful effects on the public. One of these cases is the study of evidence in crimes against security that the manner and method of detection and investigation of perpetrators of crimes against security is different from other crimes. The purpose of explaining the c...

a full account of architectural science must include empirical findings about the social and psychological influences that housing have on their occupants. tall residential housing can have a myriad of such effects. this review summarizes the results of research on the influences of high-rise housing on residents’ experiences of the housing, satisfaction, preferences, social behavior, children,...

The proliferation of mobile handheld devices has made them a viable medium for carrying out a wide range of business activities in areas such as education, agricultural, healthy and security. In the area of security, one major problem hindering crime detection and reporting is lack of efficient communication platform between the police and the general public. Mobile technologies using mobile de...

Information is an intangible organizational asset of enormous value in the information age. Information systems (IS) security technologies play an important role in protecting that information from unauthorized disclosure, modification, and use. As such, the factors that influence the effectiveness of IS security strategies need to be understood. The existing theory base for studying IS securit...

In a high-crime environment with many high-income citizens, private security companies which off er protection against crime can fl ourish. In this article crime is modelled as a game where richer victims yield a higher return on crime, but with decreasing returns to crime as more criminals choose crime to supplement their income. Private security providers off er protection against crime and f...

Most successful crime prevention efforts take the approach of "designing out crime" through the identification of highly specific crime problems and the development of preventive efforts to reduce them (Clarke, 1992). A study of the design, maintenance and management of "Metro," Washington, DCs subway system, allows for the novel approach of evaluating an effort to design in security at the out...