Anthrax is an ancient disease of animals and men, caused by Bacillus anthracis. The diagnosis of cutaneous infection is relatively easy, but other clinical forms might escape recognition. We present two rare and fatal forms of anthrax: meningeal in a 33-year-old male shepherd and intestinal in a 4-year-old boy. The former was admitted to the hospital with complaints of headache, vomiting, fever...

Three studies tested a stereotype inoculation model, which proposed that contact with same-sex experts (advanced peers, professionals, professors) in academic environments involving science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) enhances women's self-concept in STEM, attitudes toward STEM, and motivation to pursue STEM careers. Two cross-sectional controlled experiments and 1 longitud...

A technique for inoculation with precise numbers of fungal spores on leaves and stems of plants was developed. The technique consisted of placing 1-μl drops with a fixed number of spores on the surface of leaves and stems, and covering each inoculum drop with a 10-μl drop of low-temperature gelling SeaPlaque agarose to fix the inoculum on the target site. With this technique single zoospores of...

Halvorson (2012) argues that the semantic view of theories leads to absurdities. Glymour (2013) shows how to inoculate the semantic view against Halvorson’s criticisms, namely by making it into a syntactic view of theories. I argue that this modified semantic-syntactic view cannot do the philosophical work that the original “languagefree” semantic view was supposed to do. According to Clark Gly...

It is possible to reduce the resistance of guinea pigs to tuberculosis by x-ray exposures, so that when animal inoculation is required for a diagnosis a much quicker result may be had than by the use of normal animals. In renal tuberculosis when it is necessary to resort to the use of animals, it ordinarily requires from 5 to 7 weeks, while by the use of x-rayed guinea pigs the diagnosis can be...

The idea that smallpox could be eradicated was not necessarily the ultimate aim when inoculation was introduced in Europe in the 1720s. This potentiality was not clearly articulated as an aim until the end of the eighteenth century. This article argues that during most of the eighteenth century, the main aim of inoculation was to lead people as safely as possible through what was regarded as an...

We examined the utility of infecting chicken embryos as a means of evaluating the virulence of different Francisella sp. strains and mutants. Infection of 7-day-old chicken embryos with a low dose of F. novicida or F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS) resulted in sustained growth for 6 days. Different doses of these two organisms were used to inoculate chicken embryos to de...

Several plant virus mutants, in which genes encoding silencing suppressor proteins have been deleted, are known to induce systemic or localized RNA silencing against themselves and other RNA molecules containing homologous sequences. Thus, it is thought that many cases of cross-protection, in which infection with a mild or asymptomatic virus mutant protects plants against challenge infection wi...

ON 3 JANUARY 1793, Watson Alcock successfully completed the examination for membership of the Company of Surgeons.1 Shortly afterwards he began his career as a surgeon in Stockton-on-Tees. It is not known if he entered an established practice but he was involved in the sale of a house with Dr. Thomas Kirton,2 who was a well-established surgeon and died soon after. Watson Alcock was born in 1770...