The Crusade of Nicopolis (1396) fought and led by a great number Franco Burgundian noblemen knights against the Ottoman Turks was blow to Christendom especially kingdom France. impact defeat in France can easily be detected from contemporary writings where, addition lamenting defeat, there critical stance towards crusaders coupled with an apparent awe soldiers. presence similar themes different...

century (tenuously, since, as the author does not state, only the plan for this example is known and there is no evidence that the building was ever erected) and still in use in the thirteenth century for hotels-Dieu and monastic hospitals, mainly Benedictine. Though Karassava-Tsilingiri does not say so, his conclusions-if accepted-are of very great importance for the history of medical institu...

The Ayyubid- Mamluk Muslim rulers built or rebuilt castles in order to defend their borders against the crusaders. During 12th-13th centuries, they changed hands several times, but were maintained and strengthened mainly by Muslims, as attested numerous Arabic inscriptions found incorporated into buildings. It is important mention here that Irene A. Bierman’s book entitled Writing Signs: Fatimi...

As a form of extralegal crimefighting, vigilantism involves relevant questions about crime, justice, and law enforcement, it is staple popular media. In the 1980s, several culture products took critical approach to as part deconstruction superhero genre, which included reflection on psychological political implications motivations behind private justice enforcers’ behavior. this context, paper ...

But they failed not least because they were too divisive and doctrinaire: purity crusaders such as Frances Swiney were offering emancipation for women based on the refusal of sex, at the very moment when for many women changing social conditions and the advent of better contraception were making sexual fulfilment an attractive possibility for the first time. All too often, these ladylike campai...

When Jerusalem fell in the Battle of Hattin in 1187, a drastic shift occurred in Crusading mentality that had repercussions throughout Europe. Since the call of the First Crusade in 1095 by Pope Urban II, the fundamental motivator and goal of the movement was Jerusalem.AcrossWestern Europe, mobilization occurred in kings and peasants alike. Enthusiasm swept through the classes, leading to massi...