Responses of shallow cumuli to large-scale temperature/moisture perturbations are examined through diagnostics of large-eddy simulations (LESs) of the undisturbed Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) case and a stochastic parcel model. The perturbations are added instantaneously and allowed to evolve freely afterward. The parcel model reproduces most of the changes in th...

7 Responses of shallow cumuli to large-scale temperature/moisture perturbations are examined 8 through diagnostics of large-eddy-simulations (LES) of the undisturbed Barbados Oceano9 graphic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) case and a stochastic parcel model. The 10 perturbations are added instantaneously and allowed to evolve freely afterwards. The par11 cel model reproduces most of the c...

In large-eddy simulations (LES) a computational-domain translation velocity can be used to improve performance by allowing longer time-step intervals. The continuous equations are Galilean invariant. However, standard finite-difference-based discretizations not discretely invariant with the error being proportional product of local and truncation error. Even though such numerical errors expecte...

Parameterizations of cumulus convection for use in large scale numerical models of the atmosphere are classified according to whether they are based on an energy equilibrium principle or on a balance between the supply of mass or moisture and its consumption by convection. Though some of the most popular cumulus parameterizations are based on mass or moisture balance, I argue that energy balanc...

The frequency distributions of surface rain rate are evaluated in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) satellite observations and the NOAA/GFDL global atmosphere model version 2 (AM2). Instantaneous satellite rain-rate observations averaged over the 2.5° latitude 2° longitude model grid are shown to be representative of the half-hour rain ra...

A minimal 3D numerical model designed for basic studies of tropical cyclone behavior is described. The model is formulated in s coordinates on an f or b plane and has three vertical levels, one characterizing a shallow boundary layer and the other two representing the upper and lower troposphere, respectively. It has three options for treating cumulus convection on the subgrid scale and a simpl...

[1] This study describes a satellite‐based method to estimate simultaneously convective buoyancy (B) and entrainment rate (l). The measurement requirements are cloud‐top height (CTH), cloud‐top temperature (CTT), cloud profiling information (from radar and lidar), and ambient sounding. Initial results of the new method applied to A‐ Train data are presented. It is observed that tropical oceanic...