background: although physical activity (pa) has long been associated with cardiovascular disease (cvd), assessment of pa status has never been used as a part of cvd risk prediction tools. the aim of the present work was to examine whether the inclusion of pa status in a cvd risk model improves its predictive accuracy. methods: data from the 10‑year follow‑up (2002–2012) of the n = 2020 particip...

BACKGROUND Aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is controversial because of the need to balance the risk of major bleeding events caused by aspirin with the benefit of CVD events prevented by aspirin. The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) proposed guidelines that use CVD risk thresholds, based on the Framingham Risk Score, to identify patien...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, imposes huge healthcare costs to society and significant burdens to patients. It is estimated that 18 million deaths occurred from CVD annually worldwide [1]. Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in lowand middle-income countries including Iran. Therefore, developing and implementing public health strateg...

The number of fatalities due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be far ahead of loss of human life caused by any other type of disease worldwide. According to the WHO, the annual global tobacco death toll is already 8.4 million and will reach 10 million by the year 2025. However, in contrast to other modifiable primary risk factors for CVD such as obesity, primary prevention strategie...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global deaths, with the majority occurring in low- and middle-income countries. The primary and secondary prevention of CVD is suboptimal throughout the world, but the evidence-practice gaps are much more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries. Barriers at the patient, healthcare provider, and health system level prevent the implement...

The majority of individuals with diabetes die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related complications. The risk of CVD is 2 to 4 fold greater in diabetes and largely magnified by co-morbidities that aggregate along with it. Sufficient evidence-based data now exist to support multifactorial risk intervention with specific targets for goal-directed therapy for both primary and secondary preve...

In patients with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), what are the benefits and harms of statins? Review scope Included studies compared statins with placebo or usual care in adults ≥ 18 years of age, and had treatment duration ≥ 12 months and follow-up ≥ 6 months. Studies in which > 10% of patients had previous CVD or in which statins were used to treat or control chronic conditions wer...

SA Fam Pract 2007;49(5): 32-35 CPD Article Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women older than 50 years. Risk factors for CVD differ in some aspects from those in men. The prevention of CVD in women has undergone a reappraisal with the publication of studies looking at the use of menopausal hormone therapy for both primary and secondary prevention. Although these stud...

BACKGROUND Detecting and managing the four major conventional risk factors, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia, is pivotal in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVE To assess the preventive activities of general practitioners (GPs) regarding the four conventional risk factors and the associated measurements for cardiovas...

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Epidemiological analyses have established the graded and continuous association between higher BP and CVD. Moreover, randomized clinical trials among individuals with hypertension have demonstrated, in aggregate, a reduction in CVD events by 20%, coronary heart disease (CHD) by 17%, stroke by 27%, and heart f...