The intent of this article is to assist pathologists inexperienced in examining central nervous system (CNS) sections to recognize normal and abnormal cell types as well as some common artifacts. Dark neurons are the most common histologic artifact but, with experience, can readily be distinguished from degenerating (eosinophilic) neurons. Neuron degeneration stains can be useful in lowering th...

1.1 Artificial neural networks Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), are highly simplified models of the brain processes (Graupe, 2007; Kasabov, 1998). AnANN is a biologically inspired computational model which consists of a large number of simple processing elements called neurons, units, cells, or nodes which are interconnected and operate in parallel (Galushkin, 2007; Lakhmi & Fanelli, 2000). Ea...

background: parkinson’s disease (pd) is a common neurodegenerative disease resulting from the degeneration of dopaminergic (da) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (snc). increasing evidence demonstrated that mice treated intranasally with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp) suffered impairments in motor functions associated with disruption of da neurons in snc conceiv...

We investigate data-driven forward-inverse problems for Yajima–Oikawa (YO) system by employing two technologies to improve the performance of deep physics-informed neural network (PINN), namely neuron-wise locally adaptive activation functions and L2 norm parameter regularization. Indeed, we not only recover three different forms vector rogue waves (RWs) under distinct initial–boundary value co...

This paper demonstrates that, in the mediation of light, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functionally associates with the anterior periventricular and parvocellular paraventricular neuron systems in rats. Intact rats (group 1) and rats undergoing a hemicomplete cutting of the SCN (group 2) were housed in a dark room (2-3 weeks) and killed after an exposure to light for 10, 30 or 60 min. Other...

To efficiently detect a wide range of light-intensity changes, visual neurons must adapt to ambient luminance. However, how neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) code the distribution of luminance remains unknown. We designed stimuli that represent rapid changes in luminance under different luminance distributions and investigated V1 neuron responses to these novel stimuli. We demonstrate t...

The aim of this study was to determine the role surgical stress on formation p53-positive and dark neurons (DN) in hippocampus, examine parallelism their pyramidal layer hippocampus. Simulated septoplasty performed 20 Wistar rats. hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) were examined, which number DN determined at 2, 4 6 days after surgery. Compared with control group (n = 5), increased experimental ani...

introduction: embryonic stem (es) cells are pluripotent cells derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst. these cells can product any cell by spontaneous or directed differentiation. this study was started to produce neuron cells by directed differentiation of new murine es cell line in vitro. materials and methods: murine es cells (royan b1 derived from c57bl/6 strain) were used for in vitro n...