Grapheme-color synesthesia is a heritable trait where graphemes ("2") elicit the concurrent perception of specific colors (red). Researchers have questioned whether synesthetic experiences are meaningful or simply arbitrary associations and whether these associations are perceptual or conceptual. To address these fundamental questions, ERPs were recorded as 12 synesthetes read statements such a...

In this paper, we describe a method to enhance the readability of the textual output in a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system when out-of-vocabulary words occur. The basic idea is to replace uncertain words in the transcriptions with a phoneme recognition result that is postprocessed using a phoneme-to-grapheme converter. This converter turns phoneme strings into grapheme stri...

People with color-grapheme synesthesia experience color when viewing written letters or numerals, usually with a particular color evoked by each grapheme. Here, we report on data from 11 color-grapheme synesthetes who had startlingly similar color-grapheme pairings traceable to childhood toys containing colored letters. These are the first and only data to show learned synesthesia of this kind ...

In synesthesia, stimulation of one sensory modality (e.g., hearing) triggers a percept in another, non-stimulated sensory modality (e.g., vision). Likewise, perception of a form (e.g., a letter) may induce a color percept (i.e., grapheme-color synesthesia). To date, the neural mechanisms underlying synesthesia remain to be elucidated. We disclosed by fMRI, while controlling for surface color pr...

In this paper we propose efficient methods which contribute to a rapid and economic semi-automatic pronunciation dictionary development and evaluate them on English, German, Spanish, Vietnamese, Swahili, and Haitian Creole. First we determine optimal strategies for the word selection and the period for the grapheme-to-phoneme model retraining. In addition to the traditional concatenation of sin...

Linear tapered slot antennas (LTSAs) have been widely investigated as typical examples of coplanar antennas because the LTSAs offer the advantages of wide impedance bandwidth, high gain, and easy fabrication [1], [2]. However, they have high back lobes in the E-plane [3]. In general, the LTSAs are very sensitive to the thickness and the width of their supporting substrate. It is shown that radi...

A molecular dynamics simulation study on the interfacial strengthening between defected graphene and polypropylene matrix is implemented. As intrinsic defects in single layer graphene, oxidation, Thrower-Stone-Wales(TSW) defect, and Adatom defect are considered. On the transversely isotropic nanocomposites unit cell embedding different defected graphene, transversely isotropic stress-strain rel...

We consider the problem of inducing grapheme-to-phoneme mappings for unknown languages written in a Latin alphabet. First, we collect a data-set of 107 languages with known grapheme-phoneme relationships, along with a short text in each language. We then cast our task in the framework of supervised learning, where each known language serves as a training example, and predictions are made on unk...