To understand the catapult mechanism that propels jumping in a planthopper insect, the innervation and action of key muscles were analyzed. The large trochanteral depressor muscle, M133b,c, is innervated by two motor neurons and by two dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons, all with axons in N3C. A smaller depressor muscle, M133a, is innervated by two neurons, one with a large-diameter cell body...

Repetitive-twitch contraction of the hindlimb muscles in anesthetized rabbits consistently evokes a reflex depressor response, whereas this type of contraction in anesthetized cats evokes a reflex pressor response in about one-half of the preparations tested. Rapidly conducting group III fibers appear to comprise the afferent arm of the reflex arc, evoking the depressor response to twitch contr...

In animals, electric field stimulation of carotid baroreceptors elicits a depressor response through sympathetic inhibition. We tested the hypothesis that the stimulation acutely reduces sympathetic vasomotor tone and blood pressure in patients with drug treatment-resistant arterial hypertension. Furthermore, we tested whether the stimulation impairs the physiological baroreflex regulation. We ...

The regulation of forces is integral to motor control. However, it is unclear how information from sense organs that detect forces at individual muscles or joints is incorporated into a frame of reference for motor control. Campaniform sensilla are receptors that monitor forces by cuticular strains. We studied how loads and muscle forces are encoded by trochanteral campaniform sensilla in stick...

D Daniel is to be congratulated for providing us with two very important studies on Middle Eastern rhinoplasty. This ethnic group represents a large proportion of rhinoplasty patients worldwide, so much so that popular media have recently dubbed Iran as the “nose job capital of the world.” Middle Eastern rhinoplasty patients demonstrate a complex array of nasal traits, which demands a thorough ...

The objective of this study was to systematically characterize motor units (MUs) of the musculature of the lower face. MU endplate positions and principal muscle fiber orientations relative to facial landmarks were identified. This was done by the analysis of motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) in the surface electromyogram. Thirteen specially trained, healthy subjects performed selective cont...

Introduction: Myectomies of the lower-lip depressor muscles, with aim to improve facial balance in unilateral paralysis, have unexplained high recurrence rates. A potential explanation is that these recurrences are due inadequate resection through muscle width, leaving lateral fibers intact. Aim: Revisit anatomy muscles and suggest an optimization surgical technique. Perform a literature review...

Injection of rat kidney cortex mRNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes leads to a stimulation of Na(+)-dependent SO4(2-) uptake. Based on this information, we have isolated from a corresponding library a cDNA (NaSi-1) that is most likely related to a Na+/SO4(2-) cotransport system. NaSi-1 cRNA leads in a time- and dose-dependent manner to specific stimulation of Na(+)-dependent SO4(2-) uptake in oocyt...

Rapid eye movement sleep in males is characterized by penile erection along with EEG desynchronization, muscle atonia, ponto-geniculo-occipital waves, and rapid eye movements (REM). The central neural mechanisms regulating sleep related erections (SREs) are not known. Recently, the lateral preoptic area has been shown to contribute in sleep-related erectile mechanisms. The present study was con...