Despite the widely held belief that modem biological taxonomy is evolutionary, some of the most fundamental concepts and principles in the current system of biological nomenclature are based on a nonevolutionary convention that pre-dates widespread acceptance of an evolutionary world view by more than a century. The development of a phylogenetic system of nomenclature requires reformulating the...

Abstract We propose a categorical semantics of gradient-based machine learning algorithms in terms lenses, parametric maps, and reverse derivative categories. This foundation provides powerful explanatory unifying framework: it encompasses variety gradient descent such as ADAM, AdaGrad, Nesterov momentum, well loss functions MSE Softmax cross-entropy, shedding new light on their similarities di...

Since the publication of Donald Horowitz’s Ethnic Groups in Conflict, there has been an increasing convergence on the classification of ethnic identities among comparative political scientists. But there is no agreement on the definition that justifies this classification – and the definitions that individual scholars propose do not match their classifications. This article proposes a definitio...

We develop a very broad framework of reduce-or-retreat methods for numerical optimization, by identifying the essential components of the many optimization methods that fit this category. We show that a subsequence of the iterates generated by reduce-or-retreat methods approaches stationarity in the sense of having diminishing gradients (or more generally, subgradients). Much of the paper is de...

Category learning has traditionally been studied by examining how percentage correct changes with experience (i.e., in the form of learning curves). An alternative and more powerful approach is to examine dynamical learning trajectories--that is, to examine how the parameters that describe the current state of the model change with experience. We describe results from a new experimental paradig...

Gradient-descent methods have exhibited fast and reliable performance for image alignment in the facial domain, but have largely been ignored by the broader vision community. They require the image function be smooth and (numerically) differentiable – properties that hold for pixel-based representations obeying natural image statistics, but not for more general classes of non-linear feature tra...

Prostate cancer in black men of African descent has a different tumour biology compared to those of other races. Its clinical manifestations depict a more aggressive disease with higher morbidity and mortality. This study proposes, through a literature search, identifying applied laboratory and clinical research in prostate cancer directed to improve outcomes and decrease global disparities of ...

The name-based surnames of the Jews in Piotrków are structurally different. Their derivative basis consists mainly Old Testament names different (linguistic) forms, but also Yiddish form. Among most common were Jacob, Moses and Izaak. anthroponyms territory formed with suffixes origin, Slavic German descent. Jewish represent cognitive categories person kinship. prototype model derived from male...