Mission concepts to several hundred AU and beyond are under study at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The preliminary results of these mission studies have identified solar sails as one of the promising propulsion technologies for making these ambitious precursor and interstellar missions a reality. This paper presents solar and beamed energy sa...

The research on engineering knowledge systems is continually evolving. Knowledge is conveyed through the thought processes of engineers. In order to provide adequate support for engineering design the thought processes must be understood. The aim of this paper is to discuss how to transform conceptual knowledge to design ontologies. We suggest a procedure termed Cartesian reasoning to explicate...

The scientific development of Design For X is very rapid. definition in question for specific purposes. Starting from Manufacture, Sustainability developed into Longevity. goal Longevity design to extend product lifetime.Design a concept where products with short lifespan are strived longer life. As new that develops fast-paced era and shift trends, the DfL application indispensable.This study ...