After the rapid development of medical equipment including CT or PET-CT, radiation doses from medical exposure are now the largest source of man-made radiation exposure. General principles of radiation protection from the hazard of ionizing radiation are summarized as three key words; justification, optimization, and dose limit. Because medical exposure of radiation has unique considerations, d...

Radiation from imaging diagnostic had caused many detrimental effects to patients. Imaging diagnostic is the largest manmade source of radiation exposure. Doseresponse models have aided the study of effects of radiation from imaging diagnostic. Certain imaging tools have caused more radiation hazard towards patients such as computed tomography. Non-ionizing radiation imaging modalities have rep...

Background: People occasionally undergo medical diagnostic X-ray examinations and expose their red blood cells to radiation. Radiation that is generated from medical diagnostic X-ray machines is widely used in medical diagnoses. One of the important parameters is kilo-voltage (kV) that is applied across the X-ray tube in medical diagnostic X-ray machines. Kilo-voltage influences the radiation d...

background and aims. pregnant women often do not receive proper dental care in emergency visits due to a lack of awareness of the effect of radiation doses and the involved risks for the fetus. the aim of the present study was to assess the awareness of general dentists practicing in tabriz, iran, of the risks involved during exposure to diagnostic dental radiation in pregnant women. materials ...

Introduction: By introducing of laser systems and their continuous development, a new chapter of laser systems applications in a variety fields including research and clinical science in addition to the therapeutic, diagnostic applications were available for medical professionals in various fields. Most lasers emit radiation with intrinsic probable risks where in laser-tissue i...

Another way to improve treatment outcome is to optimize the radiotherapy itself. Until the late 1990’s, X-ray images were used to depict the radiation fields. Square radiation fields around the primary tumor and mediastinum were drawn manually. To avoid the possibility of a geographical miss, these radiation fields were large. Consequently, it was not possible to apply larger doses than 50 – 60...

We discuss radiation fields in a compact space of finite size instead of that in a cavity for investigating the coupled atom-radiation field system. Representations of T (1) × SO(4) group are used to give a formulation for kinematics of the radiation fields. The explicit geometrical parameter dependence of statistical properties of radiation fields is obtained. Results show remarkable differenc...

background: the use of the ionizing radiation in the medical practice has evolved since its beginnings. their benefit for the patient is considerable in term of comfort, diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness. it is estimated that 30% to 50% of critical decisions in medical approaches is based on x-ray examination. using the x-ray as a diagnostic means by clinicians requires appropriate and a...