Context Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is a major weed of crop production in southern Australia that readily develops resistance to herbicides. Resistance increases both yield losses and control costs associated with this species. Aims This study aimed gauge the extent distribution herbicides L. rigidum across south-eastern Australian grain systems by collecting seed from randomly selected fi...

Certain species of the Pooideae subfamily develop stress tolerance and herbivory resistance through symbiosis with vertically transmitted, asexual fungi. This symbiosis is specific, and genetic factors modulate the compatibility between partners. Although gene flow is clearly a fitness trait in allogamous grasses, because it injects hybrid vigor and raw material for evolution, it could reduce c...

The interaction between environment and genetic traits under selection is the basis of evolution. In this study, we have investigated the genetic basis of herbicide resistance in a highly characterized initially herbicide-susceptible Lolium rigidum population recurrently selected with low (below recommended label) doses of the herbicide diclofop-methyl. We report the variability in herbicide re...

BACKGROUND The design of sustainable weed management strategies requires a good understanding of the mechanisms by which weeds evolve resistance to herbicides. Here we have conducted a study on the mechanism of resistance to ACCase inhibiting herbicides in a Lolium multiflorum population (RG3) from the UK. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Analysis of plant phenotypes and genotypes showed that a...

The genotoxic potential of the commercial herbicide Illoxan (containing 284 g/L diclofop-methyl) was determined by using chromosome aberrations in Allium cepa root tip cells. The EC50 value was determined as 150.00 mg/L using a root growth inhibition test and then the roots were treated with 37.50, 75.00, and 150.00 mg/L concentrations for 12, 24, and 48 h. The results indicated that Illoxan si...

The antagonistic interaction between the grass herbicide, diclofopmethyl (methyl 2-[4(2',4'-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate) (DM), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), was demonstrated in DM-resistant soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and DM-susceptible corn (Zea mays L.). 2,4-D caused root shortening and thickening, and induced callus growth in soybean and corn root tissue cultures at...

Three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) populations (R1, R2, and R3) with suspected resistance (R) to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) herbicides were collected from wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields in northwestern Greece study the underlying mechanisms of their impact on growth rate competitive ability against wheat. Preemergence postemergence plant dose–respons...