PURPOSE Clavicular shortening after fracture is deemed prognostic for clinical outcome and is therefore generally assessed on radiographs. It is used for clinical decision making regarding operative or non-operative treatment in the first 2weeks after trauma, although the reliability and accuracy of the measurements are unclear. This study aimed to assess the reliability of roentgen photogramme...

Many people are talking these days about “digitizing books.” But what does that really mean? This paper describes different kinds of digitizing, the pros and cons of each, and suggests a layered structure for understanding “digitization.” The Digital Age has brought many challenges for librarians. Most obvious are all the issues concerning “born-digital” material that academics and the general ...

The paper informs about the history of manuscript digitization in the National Library of the Czech Republic as well as about other issues concerning processing of manuscripts. The main consequence of the massive digitization and record and/or full text processing is a paradigm shift leading to the digital history.

mation-processing and communications; (ii) that the national information infrastructure will determine the pace of progress in that overall process; and (iii), that these developments in the digitization and NII arenas will form multimedia as the 'break-through industry'. Around 1992, America witnessed an emerging consensus on three specific points: namely, (i) that digitization is powering a t...

The digitization of content has led to the growth of platforms that draw news and information from multiple sources. Policy makers are concerned that these new platforms threaten incentives for the production of original content. As a result, policymakers in Europe are contemplating regulations that would force such aggregators to pay each time they aggregate content. To understand the possible...

Nielsen et al. recently addressed the problem of determining the optimal discretization grid and quantization depth when a given bivariate function f (x , y) has to be described with a predetermined number of bits. This was done under the assumption that the function value range and mean " fluctuation rates " in the x and y direction are given, and that ideal point sampling with zero-order-hold...

The digital revolution means that consumers can now quickly and easily access content that is aggregated from many online sources. However, digital aggregation has tested the boundaries of copyright law. It is not clear whether allowing extracts of copyrighted works to be distributed by others benefits or harms copyright holders. We ask whether digital aggregation encourages users to “skim” or ...

Considerable attention has been focused recently on the problems of conservation and preservation of library materials. Particularly daunting are the scale of the problems and the enormous ongoing investment that will be required to address them. Currently proposed approaches include extensive microfilming of material, deacidification, and other repair measures. It is proposed that digital tech...