BACKGROUND Climate change directly affects species by altering their physical environment and indirectly affects species by altering interspecific interactions such as predation and competition. Recent studies have shown that the indirect effects of climate change may amplify or counteract the direct effects. However, little is known about the the relative strength of direct and indirect effect...

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique has been used for the estimation of precipitation, mainly from passive and active microwave measurements from space. ANN has been used to estimate precipitation using TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) onboard Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. A precipitation algorithm designed to generate rainfall estimates using a combination of TMI and T...

In this contribution we are presenting a simple precipitation method to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using zinc nitrate and urea in aqueous solution. The obtained precipitated compound was calcined and structurally characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier tr...

In previous work, it was argued that a source of radar coherent scatter occurs in the direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation because of the presence of grids of enhanced particle concentrations with spatial periodicities in resonance with the radar wavelength. While convincing, the evidence thus far has been indirect. In this work the authors now present direct observation...

This study evaluates local dynamics in extreme precipitation frequency from 1940 to 1999 in the South of Portugal. The analysis is based on a climate index defined by the annual count of days with precipitation above the 30 mm threshold (R30mm). The space-time scenarios of this index, and their uncertainty evaluation, were produced through direct sequential cosimulation (coDSS) with elevation. ...

Direct intercomparisons between spaceand ground-based radar measurements can be a challenging task. Differences in viewing aspects between space and earth observations, propagation paths, frequencies, resolution volume size, and time synchronization mismatch between spaceand ground-based observations can contribute to direct point-by-point intercomparison errors. This problem is further complic...