The proliferation of Distributed Generations (DGs) in distribution networks has provided power system operation improvement while raising some protection challenges. Turning to bi-directional, the schemes deregulated should be able deal with an out-of-zone fault. More specifically, DGs impose bi-directional fault current and directional relay employed identify correct direction so that protecti...

Multi-microgrid has many new characteristics, such as bi-directional power flows, flexible operation modes and variable fault currents with different control strategy of inverter interfaced distributed generations (IIDGs). All these featuring aspects pose challenges to multi-microgrid protection. In this paper, current and voltage characteristics of different feeders are analyzed when fault occ...

In this paper, an improved Bonobo optimization algorithm (IBO) is proposed to solve the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) problem. This problem important for power system protection. It considered a nonlinear and highly constrained IBO aims improve performance original (BO) using Levy flight distribution three leaders selection. Both BO are utilized develop two solv...

ESD/latchup are often two contradicting variables during IC reliability development. Trade-off between the two must be properly adjusted to realize ESD/latchup robustness of IC products. A case study on SERIAL Input/Output (I/ O) IC’s is reported here to reveal this ESD/latchup optimization issue. SERIAL I/O IC features a special clamping property to wake up PC’s during system standby situation...

Wireless networks are fast establishing themselves as a part of the information technology infrastructure. The security mechanisms have yet to provide adequate protection to the data passed by wireless systems and to the "wired" systems to which they connect. Whilst encryption, authentication and authorization are necessary elements in the security equation there are other techniques that can b...

Choosing a bus protection scheme requires several key considerations. The complexity of bus protection varies considerably depending on such factors as the bus layout, allowed bus switching scenarios, availability of suitable current transformers (CTs), and maintenance issues. Buses with statically assigned zone currents are well suited for the use of high-impedance bus relaying (if suitable CT...