Runaway ions can be produced in plasmas with large electric fields, where the accelerating electric force is augmented by the low mean ionic charge due to the imbalance between the number of electrons and ions. Here we derive an expression for the high-energy tail of the ion distribution function in lightning discharges and investigate the energy range that the ions can reach. We also estimate ...

The dynamics of gas heating in fast pulsed discharges in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures was analyzed using a state-specific plasmachemical model and an energy conservation equation. It was shown that the heating rate changes over time according to the changes of the species involved in the heating processes. An increasing dependence on time was shown. The results show that higher electron density, el...

The electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) is unusual among electric fishes because it has three pairs of electric organs that serve multiple biological functions: For navigation and communication, it emits continuous pulses of weak electric discharge (<1 V), but for predation and defense, it intermittently emits lethal strong electric discharges (10 to 600 V). We hypothesized that these two e...

Non-luminous relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds have been detected by the radio signals of low frequency ∼40–400 kHz which they radiate. The electron beams occur ∼2–9 ms after positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharges at heights between ∼22–72 km above thunderclouds. Intense positive lightning discharges can also cause sprites which occur either above or prior to the electron b...

Average amplitude spectra are presented for large radiation impulses from the initial stage of 15 cloud-to-ground (CG) and 36 intracloud (IC) lightning discharges. The spectra are obtained by Fourier transformation of the time domain records of lightning radiation fields with wide bandwidth devices. The field records include the electric field change ∆E (bandwidth 0 –500 kHz), the electric fiel...

By Lochak (theory) and Urutskoev (experiment) the hypothesis has been suggested that during electric discharges in water (fluids) light magnetic monopoles can be created which according to Lochak should be considered as a kind of excited neutrinos. Based on a quantum field theoretic development of de Broglie’s and Heisenberg’s fusion ideas and the results of preceding papers a transparent proof...