BUMC PROCEEDINGS 2002;15:102–104 Review of health care liability claims since the early 1990s shows that without interruption there has been some form of mass tort litigation involving medical devices or products. The 1990s began with the breast implant litigation that is finally now in its last death throes. The breast implant litigation was succeeded by the pedicle screw litigation, which was...

The free trade doctrine, now global common knowledge, has followed a complex spatio-temporal path of knowledge production from its origins in Manchester at the turn of the nineteenth century. While grounded in normative and cognitive claims, its transformation from local self-interest to global doctrine was a result of the scale-jumping tactics of the Anti-Corn Law League, combined with the pop...

damage control doctrine requires the party incurring damages due to another party’s breach of contract or damaging action to take necessary measures to reduce damages or to prevent damage expansion. the most suitable doctrine justifying control doctrine in islamic jurisprudence and consequently iran's law is the well-known jurisprudential doctrine of la zarara wa la zerar fi al-islam “ther...

For centuries, the fair use doctrine has been the main—if not the exclusive—bastion of user rights. Originating in the English courts of equity, the doctrine permitted users, under appropriate circumstances, to employ copyrighted content without the rightsholder’s consent. In the current digital media environment, however, the uncertainty that shrouds fair use and the proliferation of technolog...

A succession of doctrines have been advocated in the past for enhancing cybersecurity: prevention, risk management, and deterrence through accountability. None has proved effective, and their failings are discussed. Proposals are now being made to view cybersecurity as a public good or to adopt mechanisms inspired by those used for public health. This landscape is surveyed through the lens that...

The current doctrine of informed consent falls far short of its potential to serve as a valuable safeguard for human research subjects. Instead of providing a channel of communication between physician and subject, informed consent is a lifeless entity responsible for a large portion of the misunderstanding existing between these parties. Acknowledging risk perception principles may help transf...

As measures taken against the threats of Coronavirus to public health affect investments in South America and internationally, states are looking for defenses under international law counter potential Investor-State claims. This article explores whether Police Powers Doctrine could justify policy protect during Covid-19 sanitary crisis avoid payment compensation alleged indirect expropriations....

after 11 september attack, anticipatory self defense has obtained specific situation in the doctrine ,of western states. these countries with financial and military power are seeking to justify this doctrine. this type of defense is contrary to article 51 of the charter of united nations that expresses the concept of self defense. in this paper, the authors are going to verify and show that thi...