HIV resides within anatomical 'sanctuary sites', where local drug exposure and viral dynamics may differ significantly from the systemic compartment. Suboptimal antiretroviral concentrations in the genital tract may result in compartmentalized viral replication, selection of resistant mutations and possible re-entry of wild-type/resistant virus into the systemic circulation. Therefore, achievin...

Leishmaniasis treatment is hampered by the increased appearance of treatment failure. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are usually involved in drug resistance both in tumor cells and in microorganisms. Here we report the characterization of an ABCG-like transporter, LiABCG6, localized mainly at the plasma membrane in Leishmania protozoan parasites. When overexpressed, this half-transport...

AIM: Human small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells can express two drug efflux pumps, MDR1 and MRP1, possibly involved in drug resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the ex vivo significance of these pumps. METHODS: We transfected small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against the mRNAs of these two genes into drug-sensitive (H69) and drug-resistant (H69VP) SCLC cells and tested do...

A novel synthetic cyclopeptamine, A172013, rapidly accumulated by passive diffusion into Candida albicans CCH442. Drug influx could not be totally facilitated by the membrane-bound target, beta-(1,3)-glucan synthase, since accumulation was unsaturable at drug concentrations up to 10 microg/ml (about 1.6 x 10(-7) molecules/cell), or 25x MIC. About 55 and 23% of the cell-incorporated drug was ass...

Our previous studies have indicated that a phenothiazine drug, chlorpromazine, and a tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine, are metabolized by the isolated perfused rat lungs via N-oxidation from whence their N-oxides are released into the circulation. This work was undertaken to compare the pulmonary accumulation of another pneumophilic tertiary amine drug, pyrilamine, with that of its N-oxide....

Abstract Background and Aim: Epulis Fissuratum (EF) is a hyperplasia of mucosal fibrosis and its main cause is the use of improper prosthesis. Treatment of these lesions is necessary because any change in the natural tissue of the oral mucosa causes the accumulation of opportunistic microflora, such as Candida albicans. Therefore, this study aimed to report an interesting observation about the...