objective: global surveillance has shown that drug resistant (dr) tuberculosis (tb) is widespread. prompt detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance is essential for effective control of tb. the most frequent mutations associated with isoniazid (inh) resistance in mycobacterium are substitutions at codons 315 in the katg gene and the maba-inha promoter region (−15). this survey eva...

Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that consists of diverse group members including Jun, Fos, Maf, and ATF. AP-1 involves number processes such as proliferation, migration, invasion in cells. Dysfunctional activity associated with cancer initiation, development, invasion, migration drug resistance. Therefore, potential target for targeted therapy. Currently, some small molecul...

conclusions this study represented an increasing rate of mdr p. aeruginosa in burn and wound samples. efflux mexab genes were detected in all mdr and pdr strains. the p. aeruginosa strain isolated from burn cases showed higher drug resistance and pdr resistance was only noted in a burn sample. materials and methods one-hundred and fifty p. aeruginosa were isolated from burn and wound infections...

abstract background and objective: highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) can effectively prevent the progression of hiv-1 replication and increase life expectancy. there are numerous causes of treatment failure and the leading one is drug resistance. thus, we aimed to determine the hiv rt gene drug resistance mutations in patients treated with antiretroviral medications. material and met...

Resistance to cytotoxic drugs remains a major obstacle for the successful treatment of cancer (1). Over the past two decades, a great deal of information has emerged that elucidates how cancer cells become drug resistant. At least one prominent drugresistance mechanism in cancer cells is the reduction of intracellular drug concentration at the putative drug target. There are at least two mechan...