background: citizenship education is increasingly considered as an important strategy to empower youths in taking responsibilities and playing their individual and social roles, and to protect them against psychosocial pathologies. the purpose of the present descriptive study was to investigate students’ levels of knowledge,  their intention, subjective norms, and attitudes toward the character...

In European integration studies citizenship policy has not received much attention as a practice. Instead much of the literature has predominantly focused on legal assessments of Union citizenship shedding light on the limitations of supranational citizenship -compared to the familiar statist concepts of citizenship. Legal approaches have thus often adopted a minimalist perspective on citizensh...

This article compares the impact of post-war immigration on citizenship in three Western states: the United States, Germany and Great Britain. While focusing on national variations in the immigration-citizenship relationship, this comparison suggests some general implications for the institution of citizenship in liberal states: citizenship remains indispensable for integrating immigrants; the ...

Over the last two decades sexuality has emerged as a key theme in debates about citizenship, leading to the development of the concept of sexual citizenship. This article reviews this literature and identifies four main areas of critical framing: work that contests the significance of sexuality to citizenship; critiques that focus on the possibilities and limitations of mobilising the language ...

The existing state is defined as the of institutions based on law, equality and freedom, in which citizenship respected, plurality religions sects are allowed, all citizens equal rights duties, individual exercises his obtains duties without discrimination basis race or color. Or language, members society cooperate civil to reach a safe life for all.
 emergence concept result historical de...

We describe a novel general-purpose mechanism for enforcing separation of duties in computerized information systems. This mechanism of transaction control expressions has close similarities to traditional controls in manual paper-based systems. It has the great bene t of intuitive simplicity, in both concept and implementation.

this study aims to determine organizational citizenship behavior’s impact on customer loyalty and quality of services. that is to examine, organizational citizenship behavior of nurses and patients (customers) of the kermanshah province hospitals by two hypotheses. population comprised of 1524 nurses which 544 nurses were selected as sample. also sample of same size in a random way in a period ...

This article considers participation experiences of 14 year-old and upper secondary students in six European countries that were involved in the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) Civic Education Study: the Czech Republic, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden and Switzerland, countries that vary in their history of institution of democratic regimes. Part...