The quality of veterinary vaccines is monitored by physicochemical, microbiological and biological tests. Two of the most important physicochemical parameters are viscosity and density, which are determined in the three different types of matrices: emulsions, suspensions and solvents. Viscosity, known as internal friction or viscose medium, is a feature of fluids and plastic solids characterize...

Atomic force microscopy has been used to study the effect of temperature on normal forces and friction for the room temperature ionic liquid (IL) ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), confined between mica and a silica colloid probe at 25 °C, 50 °C, and 80 °C. Force curves revealed a strong fluid dynamic influence at room temperature, which was greatly reduced at elevated temperatures due to the reduced...

Since its rst application, the dynamic procedure has been recognized as an eeec-tive means to compute rather than prescribe the unknown coeecients that appear in a subgrid-scale model for Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). The dynamic procedure (Germano et al. 1991; Ghosal et al. 1995) is usually used to determine the non-dimensional coeecient in the Smagorinsky (1963) model. In reality the procedure...

©2010 Particle Sciences, Inc. All rights reserved. centrifugation is a highly accurate technique, but it is not amenable to use with semisolid formulations with high viscosities. All the methods discussed so far may require dilution and while some drug product formulations can be diluted without changing the particle size distribution, others may be affected by dilution, which makes meaningful ...

[1] Through the assimilation of present-day mantle seismic structure, adjoint methods can be used to constrain the structure of the mantle at earlier times, i.e., mantle initial conditions. However, the application to geophysical problems is restricted through both the high computational expense from repeated iteration between forward and adjoint models and the need to know mantle properties (s...

We revisit the Germano-identity error in the dynamic modeling procedure in the sense that the current modeling procedure to obtain the dynamic coefficient may not truly minimize the error in the mean and global sense. A “corrector step” to the conventional dynamic Smagorinsky model is proposed to obtain a corrected eddy viscosity which further reduces the error. The change in resolved velocity ...