This paper investigates whether the efficiency effect of product market dispersion is a function of the infrastructural and policy environment. We hypothesize that more developed transportation and communication infrastructure and lower government regulation may reduce transaction costs, intensifying the competition associated with a given market structure, and we use data from the recently lib...

Imagine a world where government regulation of gasoline, justified by scarcity of supply, allowed 20% of the gasoline in the U.S. to be used for farming; 20% for manufacturing; 20% for home use; 20% for government; and another 20% held in reserve for future potential government uses. In this world, prices would regulate the use of gasoline within each sector, but consumers would pay vastly diff...

Propelled by a national concern with social justice and health disparities, the notion of cultural competency is being incorporated into both government regulation and professional standards. Although most of the standards that are being developed nationally apply at the institutional level, it is in the clinical setting where the expectation of cultural competency is the most demanding. The re...

This feature explores the operation of individual markets. Patterns of behavior in markets for specific goods and services offer lessons about the determinants and effects of supply and demand, market structure, strategic behavior, and government regulation. Suggestions for future columns and comments on past ones should be sent to James R. Hines Jr., c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, Depar...

Different forms of encryption techniques are being used to ensure privacy of data transmitted over Internet. Digital signature which uses Public Key Encryption (PKE) ensures privacy of conversation, integrity of data, authenticity of sender and non-repudiation of sender. Several applications on desktops, mobiles and other devices use it to secure data of various applications, services and acces...

We investigate long-run firm-level productive growth and technological changes relate these to the formal informal institutions related factors. conclude that persistency of easing regulations through broader reforms, including privatization perception non-reversal helped firms achieve prolonged productivity gains—led by alongside a socially desirable reduction in CO2 emissions due energy savin...