This section is devoted to the Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) model, its specialization to the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model and its extension to allow backorders. The next section deals with multiple products. The primary driver to hold inventories is the presence of a fixed production/ordering cost that is incurred every time a positive number of units are produced/ordered. We wish ...

The classical economic growing quantity (EGQ) model is a key concept in the inventory control problems research literature. EGQ commonly employed for purpose of management items, such as fish and farm animals, within industries livestock, seafood, aviculture. order (EOQ) assumes that customer demand satisfied without interruption each cycle; however, this assumption not always true some compani...

The great utility of microarrays for genome-scale expression analysis is challenged by the widespread presence of batch effects, which bias expression measurements in particular within large data sets. These unwanted technical artifacts can obscure biological variation and thus significantly reduce the reliability of the analysis results. It is largely unknown which are the predominant technica...

Gray markets are unauthorized channels of distribution for a supplier’s authentic products. This paper studies a distribution channel that consists of a supplier who offers all-unit quantity discounts for batch orders to enjoy cost savings, and a reseller who may divert some goods to the gray markets. Our analysis shows the impact of gray markets depends on the reseller’s batch inventory holdin...

Economic order/production quantity (EOQ/EPQ) models have generally been presented for manufacturing products. Incorporating some important features of a specific category of products, different EOQ/EPQ models have been proposed in literature. This study proposes a new class of inventory models, i.e. a model for a specific type of inventory items: growing items. Poultry and livestock are good ex...

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model has been extended. We formulate EOQ model as a calculus of variations. This new extended problem is a simple optimal control problem with an unknown initial state. By solving this problem we generalize EOQ formula [1].

Widely divergent views about China's future are prevalent among policymakers, politicians, pundits, business people, analysts, and academics. Prominent among the questions on which their views diverge are the following: 1. At what rates and for how long will China continue its rapid economic growth of the past two decades? 1 2. What are the major challenges, fault lines, and potential adversiti...

‎this paper proposes a multi-supplier multi-product inventory model in which the suppliers have unlimited production capacity, allow delayed payment, and offer either an all-unit or incremental discount. the retailer can delay payment until after they have sold all the units of the purchased product. the retailer’s warehouse is limited, but the surplus can be stored in a rented warehouse at a...

The Bohai Economic Rim plays an important role in supporting China’s economic growth. For this research, we selected nine main ports in the region to study whether intra-port competition or corporatization would improve efficiency. Using a panel fixed effect model and stochastic frontier model, we found that the technical efficiency of selected ports is significantly influenced by the time of t...

Economic Fluctuations. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and not those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.