On using monetary policy for macro-economic regulation, after the 1930s Great Depression when effective demand insufficiency emerges, Keynesianism proposes that proactive fiscal and easy monetary policies shall be introduced. His proposal is later adopted in Roosevelt’s New Deal, which greatly help USA climb out of economy recession and achieve prosperity over 20 years. After sub-prime mortgage...

CONTEXT State policies aimed at controlling youth access to tobacco are an important component of public health efforts to reduce smoking prevalence among youth and prevent subsequent disease. OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess the extensiveness of state youth access tobacco control legislation in the United States, describe how state policies changed over a 4-year period, explore how var...

a r t i c l e i n f o Policy prescriptions for sustainable consumption have been dominated by neoclassical economics, which is built around the notions of market equilibrium, utility maximization, and exogenous preferences. There are concerns that neoclassical economics is inadequate to guide policy prescriptions in the presence of evolving preferences and complex dynamics. Evolutionary economi...

This paper analyses public policy choices in the security economy from an economic perspective. It discusses the role of public goods for national and global security and identifies the importance of the firstand second-order indirect effects of insecurity on economic activity, which include the behavioural responses of agents and the government to security measures, akin to such effects in ins...

In an influential paper, Friedman (1953) showed that even countercyclical fiscal or monetary policies can be destabilizing if they are weakly correlated with the state of the economy. I show that this surprising conclusion is sensitive to the way in which uncertainty is measured. If the size of fluctuations are measured using mean absolute deviation instead of variance, every countercyclical po...

on the verge of the first world war, the english connected the national railroad network of india by india's baluchistan to dozdab in iran's baluchistan in order to keep the connection line between iran and india. after this and when the transport of goods to india accelerated, a number of indian siks immigrated to dozdab, whose name later changed to zahedan. but the residence of siks...

abstract protection policies in the agricultural sector is an inevitable necessity, its accomplish effects individuals welfare and economic sectors. protection policies account for a major economic strategy in agricultural sectors of developing and developed countries. applying ardl, the study investigates effects of protection policy in agricultural sector on total factor productivity of this ...