Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is an effective, reproducible, and dependable method for evaluating targeting expression of genes. It very important to normalize according stably expressed housekeeping genes in order facilitating gene studies acquire exact meaningful results. The purpose this study was identify validate six (GADPH, RPS18, α-TUB, EF1α, ArgK...

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has become a widely used method for exploring plant gene expression level. The requires using some stably expressed genes as reference to accurately normalize the RT-qPCR data. However, under various stresses and hormone treatments, levels of most vary. Environmental variations also influence their levels. lack validated, can mislead study function in pears....

Plants and insects have co-existed for millions of years. Although research has been conducted on various insect species that induce galls plant tissues, information is particularly scarce when it comes to form the tough trunk their host plants. This contribution describes gall-inducing aphid Nipponaphis hubeiensis sp. nov. from Zhushan County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province China. induces enclose...

When a stop codon appears at the ribosomal A site, the class I and II release factors (RFs) terminate translation. In eukaryotes and archaea, the class I and II RFs form a heterodimeric complex, and complete the overall translation termination process in a GTP-dependent manner. However, the structural mechanism of the translation termination by the class I and II RF complex remains unresolved. ...

No-go decay and nonstop decay are mRNA surveillance pathways that detect translational stalling and degrade the underlying mRNA, allowing the correct translation of the genetic code. In eukaryotes, the protein complex of Pelota (yeast Dom34) and Hbs1 translational GTPase recognizes the stalled ribosome containing the defective mRNA. Recently, we found that archaeal Pelota (aPelota) associates w...

Leaf spot symptoms were spotted in two olive orchards Istria and Kvarner Gulf, Croatia. Fungal species from three representative isolates (P13 LECIII, R18 BI, JA20 NP) have been morphologically characterized based on the colony conidial characteristics. Several techniques performed for inducing sporulation of NP isolate. Only PDA + banana medium was successful. PCR conducted ITS, TUB, EF1α gene...

BACKGROUND The cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi Baly is a serious insect pest of crucifers and undergoes reproductive diapause in soil. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of diapause regulation, insecticide resistance, and other physiological processes is helpful for developing new management strategies for this beetle. However, the lack of genomic information and valid reference g...