This study examines how the economic e ects of elections in rural China depend on voter heterogeneity, as captured by religious fractionalization. We rst document religious composition and the introduction of village-level elections for a nearly nationally representative sample of over two hundred villages. Then, we examine the interaction e ect of heterogeneity and the introduction of election...

In 2009 the German Federal Constitutional Court introduced the principle of “public nature of elections” (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, March 2009). This principle requires that when using electronic voting systems it must be possible for the citizen to verify the essential steps in the election process and in the ascertainment of the results reliably and without special expert knowl...

Welcome to Michigan State University. It is our hope that your life at MSU will be fulfilling and successful, now and in the future. To enable you to begin the process of learning the lay of the land at MSU, we have created this orientation website designed specifically for New Administrators, including new Executive Managers, Deans, Associate and Assistant Deans, Department Chairs, and School ...

Database administration has gained an essential role in the management of new database technologies. Different data models are being created for supporting the enormous data volume, from the traditional relational database. These new models are called NoSQL (Not only SQL) databases. The adoption of best practices and procedures, has become essential for the operation of database management syst...

This study examines how state ownership of banks can have contributed to the ascending to power of Vladimir Putin during the presidential elections of March 2000. We analyze how firm loans granted by the dominating state-owned bank Sberbank can have influenced the outcome of these elections. We study the relation at the regional level and analyze the variation in Sberbank firm loans and the inc...

Using a new data set, we estimate the magnitude of the incumbency advantage in direct primary elections between 1910 to 2000. We ̄nd that the incumbency advantage, as estimated by the sophomore surge, was above 5 percentage points in primary elections even in the ̄rst decades of the twentieth century. The sophomore surge in primary elections grew to approximately 15 percentage points by the end...

This article investigates the impact of the election of community leaders in local communities (villages or suku) in Timor-Leste. After looking briefly at the impacts of suku elections on selected communities—particularly on community cohesion—and at some community responses to elections, the article discusses local capacities for managing the challenges to social order and cohesion that can fl...

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Outsourcing their voluntary products to thirdparty administrators (TPAs) to support key administrative business functions seems to be the most obvious choice for insurers to overcome the impediments for a quick entry into the voluntary market. However, what’s also needed is a strategy for optimizing TPA usage and bringing voluntary products back in house once the anticipated performance thresho...

A recent study indicated that Bacillus subtilis catabolizes acetoin by enzymes encoded by the acu gene cluster (F. J. Grundy, D. A. Waters, T. Y. Takova, and T. M. Henkin, Mol. Microbiol. 10:259-271, 1993) that are completely different from those in the multicomponent acetoin dehydrogenase enzyme system (AoDH ES) encoded by aco gene clusters found before in all other bacteria capable of utilizi...