Are required, but the resultant improved system reliability is often worth the price.advantages of the radial system in figure 2 but also gives greater reliability since the. The radial systems shown in figures 5-2 and 5-3 can be expanded by the. The loop system arrangement is one of several arrangements that can allow one. Typical equipment for this arrangement is low voltage power circuit-bre...

With the increasing demand for power from the ac line and more stringent limits for power quality, power factor correction has gained great attention in recent years. A variety of circuit topologies and control methods have been developed for the PFC application. International Standards in the area of compliance of a product’s AC mains current harmonics have forced that new power supply design ...

there are fewer problems encountered with optical voltage transducers in comparison with their inductive and capacitive counterparts. although capacitive and inductive transformers are used vastly for the purpose of measurement and protection in the networks, they cause problems such as core saturation and improper transient responses which decrease the accuracy of measurement and eficiency of ...

In electric arc furnace steelmaking units, the essential parameters are reducing price, increasing production and decreasing environmental pollution. Electric arc furnaces are the largest users of electric energy in industry. The most important techniques that can be used to reduce the electric energy consumption in electric arc furnaces are scrap preheating, stirring, use of burners and hot ch...