The tendency for more frequent El Ni~ no events and fewer La Ni~ na events since the late 1970's has been linked to decadal changes in climate throughout the Paciic basin. Aspects of the most recent warming in the tropical Paciic from 1990 to 1995, which are connected to but not synonymous with El Ni~ no, are unprecedented in the climate record of the past 113 years. There is a distinction betw...

The title compound, C(24)H(20)N(6)O(2), is a novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative which has potential as an electron-transporting material in organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. In the crystal, the mol-ecular framework is almost planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.091 (4) Å and it exists in an E form. Intra-molecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds are observed between the benzene and 1,3,4-o...

Although much of the focus on future sea level rise concerns the long-term trend associated with anthropogenic warming, on shorter time scales, internal climate variability can contribute significantly to regional sea level. Such sea level variability should be taken into consideration when planning efforts to mitigate the effects of future sea level change. In this study, we quantify the contr...

High rainfall associated with El Niño events significantly increases runoff and stream discharge in southern Brazil. High freshwater discharge changes salinity, temperature, and water circulation patterns that can affect the fish estuarine assemblage. Using long-term data obtained from standardized surveys, we analyzed fish assemblage structure and dynamics in shallow waters of the Patos Lagoon...

In this paper we report GaN:Eu AC-TDEL devices with high luminance and high efficiency levels obtained through optimized phosphor growth techniques and device structure. The GaN:Eu phosphor is grown using interrupted growth epitaxy (IGETM ). An improved thick dielectric layer for inorganic electroluminescent EL display devices has been achieved through a composite high-κ dielectric sol-gel/powd...

We study two types of polymer materials, poly(n-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and starburst small-molecule 1,3,5-tris[4(diphenylamino)phenyl]benzene (TDAPB), as the host for electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) doped with red-emitting phosphor tris(1-phenylisoquinoline) iridium (III) [Ir(piq)3]. PHOLEDs employed a PVK and TDAPB blend as the host exhibited a maximum red light em...

A new type of electroluminescent device achieves giant stretchability by integrating electronic and ionic components. The device uses phosphor powders as electroluminescent materials, and hydrogels as stretchable and transparent ionic conductors. Subject to cyclic voltage, the phosphor powders luminesce, but the ionic conductors do not electrolyze. The device produces constant luminance when st...

To construct high-performance organoboron-based blue emitters for electroluminescent (EL) devices, two diboron complexes have been synthesized through the chelation of 2-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)phenol or 2-(2-pyridyl)phenol ligands with both boron atoms of the 9,10-diboraanthracene group. These complexes exhibit bright blue emissions in solution and in solid films with fluorescence ...

We compared post-agricultural succession across the range of farming activities practiced in Guatemala’s northern lowlands: agroforestry, swidden, ranching, and input-intensive monocultures. At 10 sites over 13 to 40 months we assessed the following characteristics of trees and shrubs that were 1 cm diameter at breast height: height, basal-area accumulation, recruitment of all individuals and f...

Observations indicate that the Atlantic zonal mode influences El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific, as already suggested in previous studies. Here we demonstrate for the first time using partial coupled experiments that the Atlantic zonal mode indeed influences ENSO. The partial coupling experiments are performed by forcing the coupled general circulation model (ECHAM5/MPI-OM) wit...