Modern cardiac pacemakers are complex and heterogenous devices. The potential effect of electrically powered instruments on a patient's pacemaker function must be carefully evaluated before treatment. Interference with the pacemaker's function by the instrument depends on the specific type of pacemaker placed and the patient's dependence on it. A case is presented in which an electronic apex lo...

Practitioners face several challenges during the root canal treatment of teeth with wide or immature apices, one of which is working length determination. There is relatively little data regarding the value of radiography and electronic apex locator (EAL) use when root formation is incomplete, and supplementary measurement techniques may be helpful. This review considers length determination fo...

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of two electronic apex locators (Smarpex and NovApex) in detecting apical perforation. MATERIALS AND METHODS After access cavity preparations, the working length was determined by the first examiner before and after perforation with a stereomicroscope by introducing a K-file size 10 into the canal and size 25 K-file up to the per...

A comparative analysis is made which is grounded on literary data concerning the advantages and disadvantages of apex locators of various generations that have been created following two different principles /19, 28/. The PURPOSE of this study is to create a method and a device that combine the established advantages of fourth and fifth generation instruments. While measuring the working length...

BACKGROUND Accurate working length determination is a pre-requisite for a successful endodontic treatment. Even with improved systems of working length measurement, different readings may be recorded in different electrolytes present in the canal. The purpose of this in vivo/ex vivo comparative study was to determine the accuracy in measuring the working length of root canal using Direct Digita...

Aim: The sixth generation apex locators served as an efficient diagnostic tool for detecting root perforations as these are based on the principle of impedance rather than the conventional gradient method. However, their diagnostic accuracy not evaluated well. In the existing study, we assessed and compared the efficacy of two apex locators for diagnostic perspective. Materials and Methods: A t...

introduction: the aim of this study was to gather information on the materials and methods employed in root canal treatment (rct) by general dental practitioners (gdps) in iran. methods and materials: a questionnaire was distributed among 450 dentists who attended the 53 th iranian dental association congress. participants were asked to consider demographic variables and answer the questions re...

introduction: despite being the gold standard as well as a routine technique in endodontics, radiographic working length (wl) determination owns many drawbacks. electronic apex-locators (eals) are recommended to complement radiographies. the aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of iranian general dental practitioners (gdps) towards using radiography and eal. methods and materials: ...

Numerous apex locator studies have been performed. Generally, they use only stainless-steel hand files for testing purposes. Today many clinicians use both stainless-steel and nickel-titanium files during the treatment of a case. Given the widespread use of nickel-titanium files, a comparison of the accuracy in determining length with an apex locator using stainless-steel and nickel-titanium fi...