Exposure and adaptation models provide competing perspectives of the environmental influence on the development of addictive disorders. Exposure theory suggests that the presence of environmental toxins (e.g., casinos) increases the likelihood of related disease (e.g., gambling-related disorders). Adaptation theory proposes that new environmental toxins initially increase adverse reactions; sub...

The environment plays a major role in human health, yet tools to study the health impacts of complex environmental exposures are lacking. In 2005, Christopher Wild introduced the concept of the exposome, which encompasses environmental exposures and concomitant biological responses throughout the life course. Exposome-based approaches have the potential to enable novel insights into numerous re...

background: microorganisms on various surfaces in industrial and residential environments can spread infectious diseases. their control is thus a major concern. the aim of this study was to survey the bacterial contamination of elevator buttons in schools of isfahan university of medical sciences, isfahan, iran in the summer of 2011. methods: this study was done as a cross sectional research. a...

background: hospital health is release to all acts for making healthy environment in hospital to prevent the prevalence of factors that cause disease out of the hospitals. at present, hospital infections are the main result of these factors and one of the most important reasons of patients' mortality. this matter directly or indirectly causes considerable increasing of hospital costs and making...

Heat exchanges with the environment are crucial processes for maintaining homeothermy by humans and other animals. These exchanges involve heat production, conservation, and dissipation, and are dependent on both biological and physical factors. The complexity of these exchanges has led to many attempts to represent the environmental aspects by surrogate thermal indices as a basis for assessing...

Introduction The City of Austin’s Watershed Protection Department strives to protect the water quality in Austin area watersheds. Austin creeks have been monitored for years through the Environmental The Austin Lake Index (ALI) was designed to provide a yearly assessment of the environmental integrity of Lake Austin, Lady Bird Lake, and Lake Long. Sub-indices used to compute the ALI include rep...

Indices of deprivation based upon the characteristics of areas of residence are widely used in epidemiology and public health, and have a number of possible applications. Firstly, they may be used when data describing a person’s socioeconomic circumstances have not been, or cannot be, collected directly. Secondly, they may inform the distribution of health service resources, for primary care, c...

Five integrative biomarker indices are compared: Bioeffects Assessment Index (BAI), Health Status Index (HSI), integrated biological response (IBR), ecosystem health condition chart (EHCC) and Integrative Biomarker Index (IBI). They were calculated on the basis of selected biomarker data collected in the framework of the Prestige oil spill (POS) Mussel Watch monitoring (2003-2006) carried out i...