We present a model of conflict in which discriminatory government policy or social intolerance is responsive to various forms of ethnic activism, including violence. It is this perceived responsiveness—captured by the probability that the government gives in and accepts a proposed change in ethnic policy—that induces individuals to mobilize, often violently, to support their cause. Yet, mobiliz...

D its fundamental role in legitimizing the modern state system, nationalism has rarely been linked to the outbreak of political violence in the recent literature on ethnic conflict and civil war. to a large extent, this is because the state is absent from many conventional theories of ethnic conflict. indeed, some studies analyze conflict between ethnic groups under conditions of state failure,...

Violence exacts a high cost on world development. In about 60 countries, over the last ten years, violence has significantly and directly reduced economic growth. It has hampered poverty reduction efforts and limited progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. About half of these 60 countries currently experience violent conflict or are in post-conflict transition. The other half experie...

Migration as a human phenomenon has some consequences and repercussions. One of these effects is crime commitment and inducing disturbance in land and national security in immigrants' residence country, in other word, international migration, especially illegal migration, have different penal-security effects. Finding reason that the permeability of borders and increasing illegal traffic, drug ...

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[Abstract: This study examines the interaction between religion and politics in Sri Lanka. Existing scholarly studies on Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict largely address the ethnic dimension of the conflict. Indeed, in the understanding of Sri Lanka’s 25-year civil war, which has left 70,000 dead and displaced nearly a half-million people at its height generally, religion is rarely identified as hav...

Ethnic identity is one of the most significant types identities. Meanwhile, some researchers have recently begun to criticise term ‘identity’ as being too excessively associated with political ideologies, lacking operational power and difficult define precisely. Simultaneously, attention has been drawn what can be referred ‘ethnic revival.’ created based on opposition between ‘one’s own’ ‘forei...

the dual nature of human existence, and having both physical and spiritual affairs have been accepted by religious scholars and divine philosophers . most philosophers, especially muslim  philosophers, despite the disagreement on  the way of soul creation have agreed about the soul creation itself and lack of its precedence over body .at least we can prove this idea with two arguments from ebne...