This paper proposes a prosodic structure and the tonal pattern of Georgian, the national language of Georgia. The language has three prosodic units above the Word: Intonation Phrase (IP), Intermediate Phrase (ip), and Accentual Phrase (AP). All these units are marked by a boundary tone, but an AP in Georgian is unique typologically in that it has pitch accent linked to a stressed syllable and p...

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) face unique challenges since it must achieve a double bottom line— outreach and sustainability. So is microfinance worthwhile or worthless? The proper performance measurement framework here is a better way to judge this than a simple measure of numbers. This paper seeks to present, to MFIs, a new rigorous performance measurement framework that incorporates the b...

There are two ways eukaryotes double number of chromosomes: (1) whole genome duplication (polyploidy), in which all nuclear DNA is replicated, and (2) karyotypic fission (pseudopolyploidy), in which all chromosomes are physically bifurcated. We contrast polyploidy with pseudopolyploidy, highlighting when it is crucial to look at genetic vs. genomic levels. We review history of pseudopolyploidy,...