Methods: At baseline 100% oxygen, 32 mmHg end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and 1% end tidal isoflurane, retrograde SIMVD ventilation was initiated at the same minute ventilation with 100% oxygen. Changes in inspired oxygen (FiO2), isoflurane (FiIso), and EtCO2 were measured and then a second set of data was obtained after doubling the ventilation rate. After return to baseline, another data se...

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE Does the use of capnography versus pulse oximetry increase the early detection of respiratory compromise and improve safety in non-intubated patients undergoing moderate sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures?Respiratory compromise will be detected by alveolar hypoventilation/hyperventilation (EtCO2 < 35 mmHg/EtCO2 > 50 mmHg), arterial oxygen desaturation (...

BACKGROUND Respiratory depression, a potentially fatal side-effect of opioid-overdose, may be reversed by timely administration of an opioid antagonist, such as naloxone or naltrexone. Tampering with a formulation of morphine sulfate and sequestered naltrexone hydrochloride extended release capsules (MS-sNT) releases both the opioid morphine and the antagonist naltrexone. A study in recreationa...

INTRODUCTION Pulse oximetry (SpO2) measures oxygen saturation but not alveolar ventilation. Its failure to detect alveolar hypoventilation during sedated endoscopy under oxygen supplementation has been reported. The aim of this study was to measure the masking effect of oxygen supplementation in SpO2 when alveolar hypoventilation develops during sedated endoscopy. METHODS A total of 70 patien...

INTRODUCTION Capnography is routinely used for monitoring of patients subjected to sedation for different surgical procedures. There is still paucity of data highlighting the capnographic assessment of patients on midazolam sedation undergoing oral surgical procedures. Hence, we planned the present study to assess the alterations occurring in the end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) values monitore...

Panerai RB, Saeed NP, Robinson TG. Cerebrovascular effects of the thigh cuff maneuver. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 308: H688 –H696, 2015. First published February 6, 2015; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00887.2014.—Arterial hypotension can be induced by sudden release of inflated thigh cuffs (THC), but its effects on the cerebral circulation have not been fully described. In nine healthy subjects [ag...

OBJECTIVE The pathophysiology of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) remains undetermined. Seizures are accompanied by respiratory dysfunction (RD). Postictal generalized electroencephalography (EEG) suppression (PGES) may follow generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). Following GTCS patients have impaired arousal and may be motionless. Patients with SUDEP are usually prone. Postictal...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transcranial Doppler has been extensively used to measure cerebrovascular control mechanisms, including autoregulation in humans and in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. There have been sufficient reports on the measurement of normal autoregulatory response (AR) and CO2 reactivity (CR) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) but few reports of these indices for the basi...