When several decades ago the IRB system was established trying to balance major moral consideration in research with human subjects, the main impetus were severe cases of unethical behaviour and experiences, often protected by state and institutional administration. The first phase of the IRB aimed at protecting subjects from serious hazards, while in later stages the IRB turned to „lesser risk...

Professions have adopted ethical codes and codes of conduct. Physicians, lawyers, and engineers have moral responsibilities and know to whom they are responsible. Professionals in the information systems field need similar guidance. Unfortunately, multiple professional standards in the field are offered by individual organizations. Many of the precepts in these codes are similar, but some are n...

Internet code, such as open source software code, which is available for gratis download from the Internet, is becoming an increasingly important element of code reuse in commercial software development. However, when individual developers practice such reuse in ad-hoc fashion, for different reasons they might disregard potentially existing license obligations, thereby causing serious legal, ec...

The ability to manipulate and customize the genetic code of living organisms has brought forth the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods. The potential for GM foods to improve the efficiency of food production, increase customer satisfaction, and provide potential health benefits has contributed to the rapid incorporation of GM fo...

s a nursing advocate, a nursing educator, and advisor for the NSNA Leadership University at Valencia Community College's Student Nurses Association, I was asked to share my views on the importance and purpose of the NSNA Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct. Many professional organizations such as the American Nurses Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Bar Association,...

Local review of research by ethics committees in the UK has long been held to be an important right of the local research ethics committee and, even with the introduction of the European Clinical Trials Directive, the governance arrangements for research ethics committees continue to allow for local review of multicentre studies. There is no requirement for local review in either the European U...