We consider a random generalized railway defined as a random 3-regular multigraph where some vertices are regarded as switches not allowing traffic between any pair of attached edges. It is shown that the probability that the generalized railway is functioning is linear in the proportion of switches. Thus there is no threshold phenomenon for this property.

There are several ways to describe and structure safety rules for railways, and a few examples are given in the report. A tentative holistic framework for describing safety features in relation to safety rules is presented. The approach has been applied on rules needed to regulate the communication between different railway organisations and other parties.

The existing financing resources of construction fund for China’s railways are presented in the first section of this paper. In the next section, The impacts and restrictions of the funding raising means were analyzed and a proposal of reforming the existing financing means was raised on the base of these analyses. The proposal included the following contents: construction funds for the railroa...

Lepidium oblongum, of American origin is a new member the European adventive flora, only detected in Romania so far. The first Hungarian stand was discovered 2018, and others 2020. Based on our studies, we detail its morphological characteristics comparison with other species. We present drawing table to help identify oblongum easily identifiable by divided (lobed or lobed-dentated) upper stem ...