We construct a polynomial-time algorithm to approximate the branch-width of certain symmetric submodular functions, and give two applications. The first is to graph “clique-width”. Clique-width is a measure of the difficulty of decomposing a graph in a kind of tree-structure, and if a graph has clique-width at most k then the corresponding decomposition of the graph is called a “k-expression”. ...

in order to study the gene actions and heritability of the physical and chemical characteristics associated with appearance and cooking quality of rice grain, generation mean analysis was performed using a cross between two iranian rice cultivars, deylamani and sepidroud, having different quality characters. seeds of the parental lines and f1, f2, bc1 and bc2 generations were grown in randomize...

Triticum aestivum PBW-343 is grown in most of the regions of India, and it is one of the renewable sources most suitable for papermaking. Anatomical studies illustrate that vascular bundles near the periphery contain a strong sheath of sclerenchyma cells, which constitutes about 80% of the fibers. The total fibers in wheat straw are about 39.20%, and parenchyma and epidermal cells account for 3...

OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between the biceps brachii muscle innervation zone (IZ) width and the mean muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) during a sustained isometric contraction. METHODS Fifteen healthy men performed a sustained isometric elbow flexion exercise at their 60% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until they could not maintain the target force. Mean MFCV was estim...

We numerically investigate supercontinuum generation using continuous-wave pumping. It is found that energy transfer during collision of solitons plays an important role. The relative influence of Raman gain on spectral broadening is shown to depend on the width of the calculation time window. Our results indicate that increasing the spectral linewidth of the pump can decrease the supercontinuu...

Fiber lasers are rapidly gaining market shares for industrial applications due to compactness, high electrical-to-optical efficiency, high beam quality and low running cost. However, for directed energy weapons, fiber lasers have until now been unable to meet the requirements of military, where power levels around 100 kW are aimed for through combining of multiple, high beam quality lasers. The...

The k-power graph of a graph G is a graphwith the same vertex set as G, in that two vertices are adjacent if and only if, there is a path between them in G of length at most k. A k-treepower graph is the k-power graph of a tree, a k-leaf-power graph is the subgraph of some k-tree-power graph induced by the leaves of the tree. We show that (1) every k-tree-power graph has NLC-width at most k + 2...

We consider the graph parameter boolean-width, related to the number of different unions of neighborhoods across a cut of a graph. Boolean-width is similar to rankwidth, which is related to the number of GF [2]-sums (1+1=0) of neighborhoods instead of the Boolean-sums (1+1=1) used for boolean-width. It compares well to the other four well-known width parameters tree-width, branch-width, clique-...

Three dimensional gels of aligned collagen fibers were patterned in vitro using microfluidic channels. Collagen fiber orientation plays an important role in cell signaling for many tissues in vivo, but alignment has been difficult to realize in vitro. For microfluidic collagen fiber alignment, collagen solution was allowed to polymerize inside polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) channels ranging from ...