Abstract Democracy and equality are different concepts. There two fundamentally ways of relating them. The first way defines democracy in terms substantive political equality: the purest form is a regime which each citizen (at any given level aptitude motivation) has equal influence over decisions, regardless citizen’s wealth other resources. second renders as device for assuring (or justice) b...

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We propose a Bayesian optimization algorithm for objective functions that are sums or integrals of expensive-to-evaluate functions, allowing noisy evaluations. These objective functions arise in multi-task Bayesian optimization for tuning machine learning hyperparameters, optimization via simulation, and sequential design of experiments with random environmental conditions. Our method is averag...

Whether the prices of certain orphan treatments are justified is highly controversial. One argument is that such therapies should not be funded through the public purse or private health plans because a patient with a rare disease requires more than their 'fair share' of a limited health care budget. Orphan medications can also be denied because they fare poorly in the cost-effectiveness assess...