Social organisms rank among the most abundant and ecologically dominant species on Earth, in part due to exclusive recognition systems that allow cooperators to be distinguished from exploiters. Exploiters, such as social parasites, manipulate their hosts' recognition systems, whereas cooperators are expected to minimize interference with their partner's recognition abilities. Despite our wealt...

Rangelands are known as one of the main income resources for their exploiters.In the recent century, management of Iran rangeland has undergone vast transformationsbecause of vulnerable socio-economic conditions of pastoralists. A study was done toprovide a clear picture of the status and utilization of Aq Qala rangelands via assessinginternal and external environmental factors affecting the ut...

     In recent years, large rangeland areas have been destroyed for various reasons, so that its negative impacts on local people's income and sustainable livelihood are become significant. Due to the fact that signs of negative or downward trends in the rangelands condition are being revealed prior to the complete degradation, a study was done to identify these sings and evaluate their importa...

Focusing on the organizing practices by which vulnerable individuals are exploited for their labor, we build a model that depicts how human traffickers systematically target impoverished girls and women transform autonomous objection into unquestioned compliance. Drawing from qualitative interviews with forced labor in sex industry, traffickers, brothel managers, other sources (e.g., doctors, n...

We investigate COVID-19 as a disabling and an enabling mechanism for small mid-size enterprises (SMEs), particularly how SMEs’ crisis strategies might help them through the crisis. SMEs can follow retrenchment strategy, persevering or innovation they do so narrowly broadly. Using representative sample of Danish SMEs, we test are associated with turnover expectations. find distinct differences i...

Two plants can influence one another indirectly by affecting population dynamics of shared exploiters and/or mutualists, giving rise to apparent competition or mutualism, respectively. Indirect interactions between also occur when the preferences and mutualists adapt changes in relative plant densities. Here we study simultaneous effects adaptive herbivore pollinator on two competing population...

The combined impact of multiple plant parasites on plant performance can either be additive (the total damage equals the sum of the individual effects) or nonadditive (synergistic or antagonistic damage). Two statistical models are available for testing the independent (=additive) effects of two factors. Here we suggest that the natural history of the plant-parasite system should motivate the c...

Ant-plant interactions represent a diversity of strategies, from exploitative to mutualistic, and how these strategies evolve is poorly understood. Here, we link physiological, ecological, and phylogenetic approaches to study the evolution and coexistence of strategies in the Acacia-Pseudomyrmex system. Host plant species represented 2 different strategies. High-reward hosts produced significan...

Interfaces | the collection of procedures and data structures that deene a library, a subsystem, a module | are syntactically poor programming languages. They have state (deened both by the interface's data structures and internally), operations on this state (deened by the interface's procedures), and semantics associated with these operations. Given a way to incorporate interface semantics in...