this study aimed to examine key factors affecting rural female facilitators’ role in participatory rural development in tehran province. since the researchers intended to have a better insight into the facilitators’ role and employ inquiry as a learning forum for bringing about changes for all participants, they preferred to use a case study based upon an appreciative inquiry method. the study ...

Aplysia siphon sensory cells exhibit heterosynaptic facilitation of transmitter release during both sensitization and classical conditioning of the siphon withdrawal response. In the present study, we asked whether facilitation must invariably enhance transmission at all terminals of a neuron or whether facilitation can instead occur at one set of terminals without also occurring at other termi...

1. A quantitative description of facilitation in the crayfish claw opener muscle is presented. The facilitation of a test response following one or more conditioning stimuli, and the growth of facilitation during a tetanus, are measured. 2. In superficial central fibres facilitation following one or more impulses can be described as the sum of two components which are both maximum at the end of...

Facilitation, as the term is used in this book, refers to processes by which one member of a group operates to help the group analyze issues, learn from experience, and work as a team to draw conclusions. In aviation settings, the facilitator is typically an instructor, however facilitation requires the instructor to work in ways quite different from those of traditional instruction. The tradit...

1. While the relationship between facilitation and competition has been explored extensively in recent years, there is also a natural link between facilitation and mutualism, as both are interspecific interactions that confer benefits. Yet, the relationship between these two interactions has beenminimally explored. 2. Here, I explore parallels and differences between mutualism and facilitation....

Small spots, lines and Gabor patterns can be easier to detect when they are superimposed upon similar spots, lines and Gabor patterns. Traditionally, such facilitation has been understood to be a consequence of nonlinear contrast transduction. Facilitation has also been reported to arise from non-overlapping patterns with opposite sign. We point out that this result does not preclude the tradit...

In nerve terminals, residual Ca(2+) remaining from previous activity can cause facilitation of transmitter release by a mechanism that is still under debate. Here we show that the intracellular Ca(2+) sensitivity of transmitter release at the calyx of Held is largely unchanged during facilitation, which leaves an increased microdomain Ca(2+) signal as a possible mechanism for facilitation. We m...

cyclic AMP-response element binding protein-2 (CREB2) is a member of the CREB/transcription factor (CREB/ATF4) family. CREB2 is a transcription factor known to be involved in Aplysia long-term facilitation. To further examine the role of ApCREB2 on long-term synaptic facilitation, we isolated ApCREB2 from Aplysia kurodai in full-length cDNA library, and found that the overexpression of ApCREB2 ...

The switch from short- to long-term facilitation induced by behavioral sensitization in Aplysia involves CREB-like proteins, as well as the immediate-early gene ApC/EBP. Using the bZIP domain of ApC/EBP in a two-hybrid system, we have cloned ApCREB2, a transcription factor constitutively expressed in sensory neurons that resembles human CREB2 and mouse ATF4. ApCREB2 represses ApCREB1-mediated t...

In a culture system where a bifurcated Aplysia sensory neuron makes synapses with two motor neurons, repeated application of serotonin (5-HT) to one synapse produces a CREB-mediated, synapse-specific, long-term facilitation, which can be captured at the opposite synapse by a single pulse of 5-HT. Repeated pulses of 5-HT applied to the cell body of the sensory neuron produce a CREB-dependent, ce...