Like other technologies such as Internet Protocol (IP) or Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), an Ethernet frame also has a field to detect some errors occurred on transmission. This field is referred to as frame check sequence (FCS). Usually, when an Ethernet frame conveys extra information on some feature such as VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network), a field called tagis inserted into the frame ...

The yield of the double-stranded DNA product (500 bp) of asymmetric PCR with a rhodamine-labeled primer (Rho-primer) was determined in a homogeneous solution using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). FCS provides the average number of molecules in a focused volume and the diffusion constant that relates the molecular weight. Since FCS measures the fluctuation of fluorescence intensity ...

BACKGROUND ELISAs with fixed endothelial cells or cell lines are widely used screening tests for anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs), but spurious increases occur. We examined interferences by heteroantibodies and means to eliminate them. METHODS AECAs were measured by ELISA on fixed layers of the human endothelial cell line, EA.hy 926, in a panel of 60 patient serum samples diluted in b...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is becoming increasingly popular as a technique that aims at complementing live cell images with biophysical information. This article provides both a short overview over recent intracellular FCS applications and a practical guide for investigators, who are seeking to integrate FCS into live cell imaging to obtain information on particle mobility, loc...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful technique for measuring low concentrations of fluorescent molecules and their diffusion constants. In the standard case, fluorescence fluctuations are measured in an open detection volume defined by the confocal optics. However, if FCS measurements are carried out in cellular processes that confine the detection volume, the standard FCS ...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a well-established technique for studying dynamic processes and interactions with minimal invasion into the corresponding system. Even though FCS has been mainly applied to biological systems, within the last 15 years an increasing number of studies in material sciences have appeared, demonstrating its enormous potential also for this field. Apart ...

Because of a ban on the use of beak trimming in some European countries, feather pecking is becoming a substantial problem in the layer industry, both from animal welfare and economic points of view. The feather condition score (FCS) as a measure of feather damage has been shown to be closely related to feather pecking behavior in laying hens housed in groups. To obtain a better understanding o...

In an attempt to restore immune competence to 12 human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, lymphocytes from their HIV-1-uninfected identical twin siblings were cultured in medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (FCS), anti-CD3 antibody, and interleukin-2 (100 IU/mL) for 10 days and then infused into the patients. After multiple infusions, at 6- to 8-week intervals, half of...

Scanning Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (scanning FCS) is a variant of conventional point FCS that allows molecular diffusion at multiple locations to be measured simultaneously. It enables disclosure of potential spatial heterogeneity in molecular diffusion dynamics and also the acquisition of a large amount of FCS data at the same time, providing large statistical accuracy. Here, we op...

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is one of the major biophysical techniques used for unraveling molecular interactions in vitro and in vivo. It allows minimally invasive study of dynamic processes in biological specimens with extremely high temporal and spatial resolution. By recording and correlating the fluorescence fluctuations of single labeled molecules through the exciting lase...