Apoptosis is initiated via the mitochondrial or the death receptor pathway. Central to the mitochondrial pathway is the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, leading to activation of the caspase cascade and execution of apoptosis.1 The mitochondrial pathway is regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins, i.e. proapoptotic BAX and BAK as well as antiapoptotic BCL-2 and BCL-xL. The death r...

A 75-year–old patient was referred with vaginal bleeding. Her physical exam showed two flat dark plaques on the posterior fourchette, mostly on left lateral side of the vulva. A black soft mucosal nodule was present on the left lateral side of upper vagina, and a polypoid ulcerative cervical lesion extended into the right parametrium. Cervical and vaginal biopsies were in favor of malignant mel...

• More than 71,000 women in the United States were diagnosed with a cancer affecting the reproductive organs. • More than 27,000 women in the United States died from some form of gynecologic cancer. • Uterine (endometrial) cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer. • Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecologic cancer. • Cervical cancer was once the leading cause of death for women in the U...

Tuberculous infection of the female genitalia flight occur either as a primary affection of the local site, or as a part of a general infection, the original lesion being in some other organ. Primary genital tuberculosis israre, the commonestcause being secondary infection of the genital tract, either through the blood, lymphatics, or the peritoneum. Hence incidence of genital tuberculosis in t...