for the nonlinear analysis of structures using the well known newton-raphson method, the tangent stiffness matrices of the elements must be constructed in each iteration. due to the high expense required to find the exact tangent stiffness matrices, researchers have developed novel innovations into the newton-raphson method to reduce the cost and time required by the analysis. in this paper, a ...

In this study, frequencies of electromagnetic wave propagation in two-dimensional photonic crystal structures are investigated. For purpose, the equation obtained by using Maxwell equations is solved with finite differences method. The fundamental have been a low error rate 3.10%.

We present and compare various types of discretizations which have been proposed to approximate the total variation (mostly, a gray-level image in two dimensions). discuss properties finite differences elements based approach their merits, particular terms error estimates quality reconstruction.