this study was done with the aim of investigating the kinetics of available phosphorus changes in treated soils with municipal solid waste compost, fertilizer and the mixture of these in two levels of first and second percent in eight calcareous soil samples and in a period of zero to 3600 hours in incubation conditions (fc moisture and 250c). the results showed that with time increasing, extra...

photoreactor using solar radiation. the effect of various parameters such as ph, initial concentration of pollutant, catalyst dose, oxidant, and time variation were studied. the determination of the best catalyst was studied amongst the four catalysts (tio2, zno, psa and ssa) .the kinetics of degradation of isooctane was also studied. the results showed that tio2 was the best catalyst with a de...

The paper starts with an examination and critique of Tarski’s wellknown proposed explication of the notion of logical operation in the type structure over a given domain of individuals as one which is invariant with respect to arbitrary permutations of the domain. The class of such operations has been characterized by McGee as exactly those definable in the language L∞,∞. Also characterized sim...

We propose a simple but powerful approach to the verification of parameterised systems. The approach is based on modelling the reachability between parameterized states as deducibility between suitable encodings of states by formulae of first-order predicate logic. To establish a safety property, that is non-reachability of unsafe states, the finite model finder is used to find a finite counter...

Generalization operators have long been studied in the area of Conceptual Inductive Learning (Michalski, 1983; De Raedt, 2010). We present an implementation of these learning operators in a prototype system for cooperative query answering. The implementation can however also be used as a usual concept learning mechanism for concepts described in first-order predicate logic. We sketch an extensi...

We consider the problem of simultaneously compressing a finite set of words by a single grammar. The central result of this paper is the construction of an incompressible sequence of finite word languages. This result is then shown to transfer to tree languages and (via a previously established connection between proof theory and formal language theory) also to formal proofs in first-order pred...

We introduce a refutation graph calculus for classical first-order predicate logic, which is an extension of previous ones for binary relations. One reduces logical consequence to establishing that a constructed graph has empty extension, i. e. it represents ⊥. Our calculus establishes that a graph has empty extension by converting it to a normal form, which is expanded to other graphs until we...

An abstraction mapping over clausal form theories in first-order predicate calculus is presented that involves the renaming of predicate symbols. This renaming is not 1-1, in the sense that several predicate symbols Ri,.. . , Rn from the original theory are all replaced by a single symbol R in the abstract theory. In order to preserve consistency, however, the clauses that distinguish the Rj's ...

We prove an institutional version of A. Robinson’s Consistency Theorem. This result is then applied to the institution of many-sorted first-order predicate logic and to two of its variations, infinitary and partial, obtaining very general syntactic criteria sufficient for a signature square in order to satisfy the Robinson consistency and Craig interpolation properties.

Henkin, Monk and Tarski gave a compositional semantics for first-order predicate logic. We extend this work by including function symbols in the language and by giving the denotation of the atomic formula as a composition of the denotations of its predicate symbol and of its tuple of arguments. In addition we give the denotation of a term as a composition of the denotations of its function symb...