Numerous researches have been investigated on the mass transfer phenomena and hydrodynamics for the fluid in the vicinity of the membrane surface by the mathematical modelling and simulation. Due to complexities involved in solving transport phenomena within membranes, the application of CFD simulation study for determining the concentration polarization (CP) profile in the membrane channel is ...

We study the dispersion characteristics of strained graphene using many-body interatomic potentials and find: (i) borders of the structural stability of a flat graphene in the three-dimensional space of the strain components (exx,eyy,exy); (ii) sound velocities of strained graphene; and (iii) phonon density of states (DOS) of strained graphene. The border of structural stability of flat graphen...

We demonstrate a variable focal length achromatic lens that consists of a flat liquid crystal diffractive lens and a pressure-controlled fluidic refractive lens. The diffractive lens is composed of a flat binary Fresnel zone structure and a thin liquid crystal layer, producing high efficiency and millisecond switching times while applying a low ac voltage input. The focusing power of the diffra...

A critical step in cellular-trafficking pathways is the budding of membranes by protein coats, which recent experiments have demonstrated can be inhibited by elevated membrane tension. The robustness of processes like clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) across a diverse range of organisms and mechanical environments suggests that the protein machinery in this process has evolved to take advanta...

Flat slabs are less labour intensive, simplify the installation of services and can accommodate more floors within restricted heights. However, the span influencing their design is the longest and they require more steel compared to two-way slabs. Other drawbacks of flat slabs are vulnerability to punching shear failure and higher deflections. To avoid punching shear failure drop panels, column...

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a fundamental property of eukaryotic cells. Classical CME proceeds via the formation of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) at the plasma membrane, which invaginate to form clathrin-coated vesicles, a process that is well understood. However, clathrin also assembles into flat clathrin lattices (FCLs); these structures remain poorly described, and their contributio...

The link-calculus has been recently proposed as a process calculus for representing interactions that are open (i.e. that the number of processes may vary), and multiparty (i.e. that may involve more than two processes). Here, we apply the link-calculus for expressing, possibly hierarchical and non dyadic, biological interactions. In particular, we provide a natural encoding of Cardelli’s Brane...

Abstract In living cells, protein-rich condensates can wet the cell membrane and surfaces of membrane-bound organelles. Interestingly, many phase-separating proteins also bind to membranes leading a molecular layer bound molecules. Here we investigate how binding affects wetting, prewetting surface phase transitions. We derive thermodynamic theory for three-dimensional bulk in presence two-dime...

This study focused on phase separation of activated sludge mixed liquor by flat-sheet membranes of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). A 20 liter working volume lab-scale MBR incorporating immersed PTFE flat-sheet membrane modules with different pore sizes (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 μm) was operated for 19 days treating a synthetic wastewater. The experiment was interrupted twice at days 5 and 13 when the m...