M any bacteria are motile. They use one or more helical flagella as propellers, rotating them like the corkscrew on a wine bottle opener. Despite the limited morphological repertoire of the propulsive system, radically different movement strategies have evolved, likely reflecting the diversity of physicochemical conditions among bacterial habitats. In PNAS, Xie et al. (1) report on a newly disc...

Stress is known to produce analgesia. The pain threshold is altered in diabetes. We studied the effect of 1 hr of immobilisation stress on pain threshold in male Wistar rats. The same effect was tested in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The pain threshold of tail flick, vocalisation and vocalisation after discharge increased in the control group after the stress procedure. Significant ana...

Prior work suggests that spinal systems are sensitive to the stimulus relationships that underlie Pavlovian conditioning. We studied this phenomenon in Sprague-Dawley rats by pairing a vibrotactile conditioned stimulus (CS) with a tailshock unconditioned stimulus (US). Experiment 1 showed that spinal rats exhibit differential conditioning, having longer tail-flick latencies on the tail-flick te...

Pain is relieved by analgesics that acts via modulating the central and peripheral pain mediators. Some of analgesic has been reported to have a serious adverse effects when used in long-term treatments. Therefore, there need developing potent with minimal no effects. In current study, quercetin chrysin were evaluated for activity mice rat hyperalgesia (Eddy’s hot plate Tail flick analgesiomete...