Giant planets are thought to have cores in their deep interiors, and the division into a heavyelement core and hydrogen–helium envelope is applied in both formation and structure models. We show that the primordial internal structure depends on the planetary growth rate, in particular, the ratio of heavy elements accretion to gas accretion. For a wide range of likely conditions, this ratio is i...

We present theoretical atmosphere, spectral, and light-curve models for close-in extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) undergoing strong stellar irradiation for which Spitzer planet/star contrast ratios or light curves have been published (circa June 2007). These include HD 209458b, HD 189733b, TrES-1, HD 149026b, HD 179949b, and υ And b. By comparing our models with these data, we find that some EGP...

Compared to the Conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP), Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have proven their superior performance in wastewater treatment and reuse during the past two decades. Further, MBRs have wide array of applications such as the removal of nutrients, toxic and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which are impossible or difficult to remove using ASP. However, fouling of mem...

Recently it has been suggested that the hard x-ray power-law tails exhibited in the ASCA spectra of several nearby giant elliptical galaxies are caused by low-radiative efficiency accretion flows (ADAFs) onto a massive black hole in the centers of the galaxies. The estimated fluxes from these central ADAFs as derived from the ASCA x-ray spectral analyses indicate that they may be visible as x-r...

We used parameter scanning to emulate changes to the limiting rate for steps in a fitted model of glucose-derepressed yeast glycolysis. Three flux-control regimes were observed, two of which were under the dominant control of hexose transport, in accordance with various experimental studies and other model predictions. A third control regime in which phosphofructokinase exerted dominant glycoly...

results the mean kt/v was 1.27 ± 0.28 in high-flux and 1.10 ± 0.32 in low-flux membrane which, these differences were statistically significant (p = 0.017). the mean of urr was 0.65 ± 0.09 in high-flux and 0.61 ± 0.14 in low-flux membrane, which these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.221). patients and methods forty hemodialysis patients participated in this cross-over clin...

number of iterationsrequired to meet the convergencecriterion. the converged solutions from the previous step. This significantly reduces the interfacial boundaries, the initial estimates for the interfacial flux is given from scheme. Outside of the first time step where zero initial flux is assumed on all between subdomains are satisfied using a Schwarz Neumann-Neumam iteration method which is...

Abstract Energetic electrons have been frequently observed during magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail. The acceleration process of energetic is not fully understood. In this paper, we select for a detailed study case electron from earlier reported interval turbulent Earth’s magnetotail by Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. We use first-order Taylor expansion method to reconstruct topology ...